英文法5分ドリル【時制③】

本記事は独学・国内学習による
英検1級保持者が書きました。


日本語の意味を表す英文を並び替えて作りなさい。

It has been＋［時間］＋since S V「 ～ して以来［時間］が経過した」
書き換えると，
　　 Three years have passed since I moved here.
〈例〉彼は妻に死なれてから5年になる。
☆ It is five years since his wife died.
☆ He had his wife die five years ago.
☆ Five years have passed since his wife died.
正解：It has been over three years since I moved here.
a. I relocated here more than three years ago.
b. Three years have passed since my move to this place.

「… しないうちに ～ した」
＜had not don … before[when]＋S＋過去形 ～＞
日本語につられてbefore以下を否定文にしてはならない。
正解：I had not gone far before it began to rain.
a. Rain started falling shortly after I began my journey.
b. The rain began as soon as I started moving, not covering much distance.

進行形で「予定・計画」を表す用法。look for A 「Aを探す」
◇ 現在進行形 ＜be＋doing＞の主な用法は4つ
1. 現在進行中の動作・出来事
　 He is watching TV.
　（彼はテレビを見ている）
2. ある到達点への接近
The train is stopping.
　（列車は止まりかけている）
3. 現在の反復的動作
You are always complaining.
　 （君はいつも愚痴が多い）
4. 確定的未来・予定
I’m leaving for Tokyo tomorrow.
　 （明日東京にたちます）
正解：What kind of books are you looking for in the library?
a. In the library, what genre of books are you searching for?
b. Are you seeking specific types of books when you go to the library?

be going to do は〔主語の意図〕や〔未来の見込み〕を表す．
lastは自動詞で「続く」
think の後に名詞節をまとめる接続詞 that を補って考える．
正解：Some people seemed to think the good times were going to last forever.
a. There were individuals who believed that the era of joy would never end.
b. A few individuals thought the prosperity would endure indefinitely.

be going to doで〈主語の意図〉を表す。
this coming October 「来る10月」　
move「引っ越す」　
coming［形］は名詞の前で使われて「近づいている，次の」
正解：I’m going to move from my present address this coming October.
a. This October, I'll be relocating from my current residence.
b. I plan to change my address in October.

It seems that S’ did 「～だったように（今）思える」
much damage was done by ～　
「～によってかなりの被害を受けた」
do damage 「損害を与える」の受動態。
与えられた日本語は能動態的表現である点に注意。
正解：It seems that much damage was done by yesterday’s earthquake.
a. Yesterday's earthquake appears to have caused significant damage.
b. The earthquake from yesterday seems to have inflicted considerable harm.

bring about「起こる」　
A bring about Bを受動態にした
B is brought about by A の骨格。
a bit of carelessness 「少しの不注意」
正解：An accident is often brought about by a bit of carelessness.
a. Carelessness frequently leads to accidents.
b. Accidents are commonly the result of a lack of caution.

郡動詞は受動態でも一まとまり。
この点は整序問題で重要。以下例文。

彼は何でもいいかげんに言うから，彼の言うことは全くあてにならない。
He speaks at random, so his words cannot be relied on at all.
We cannot rely on his words at all.
He speaks impulsively, so we can by no means trust him.
　 ＊at random：でたらめに　
＊rely on：当てにする

何年も前に彼が死んで以来，ずっとその部屋では誰も寝ていない。
The room has not been slept in since he died years ago.
Nobody has slept in the room since he died years ago.
　 ＊sleep inを一つの他動詞として考える

彼の父は若くして死んだので，彼は叔父に育てられた。
His father died young, and he was brought up by his uncle.
His father died young, and his uncle brought him up.
　 ＊bring up A：［他］rear；raise；Aを育てる
⇔ grow up［自］：育つ

その法規は有害であるため，すぐに廃止された。
The rule was done away with at once because it was harmful.
They did away with the rule at once because it was harmful.
The rule was abolished at once because it was harmful.
＊do away with：～を廃止する　
＊at once：すぐに

私は自分の子供たちに口ごたえをされたくない。
I don’t want to be talked back to by my sons and daughters.
I don’t want my sons and daughters to talk back to me.
I don’t want my sons and daughters to reply rudely to me.
＊talk back to：～に口答えする

彼は人前で恥をかかされた。
He was made fun of in the presence of others.
We made fun of him in the presence of others.
He was ridiculed in public.
　 ＊make fun of：～をからかう　
＊in the presence of：～の前で

see off ～「～を見送る」　⇔　meet「～を出迎える」
「～を見送る」という表現は
see the man off でも see off the man でもいいが，
代名詞のhimを使うので see off him でなく
see him off の語順にする。
正解：I have been to the airport to see him off.
a. I visited the airport to bid him farewell.
b. I went to the airport to see him depart.

◆『Sが ～ してから〈時間〉が経過した』
〈時間〉have passed since S V〔過去〕～ .
It is〈時間〉since S V〔過去〕～ .
It has been〈時間〉since S V〔過去〕～ .
S V〔過去〕～〈時間〉＋ ago.
S has been〔過去〕を形容詞化したもの＋for〈時間〉
　☆ Five years have passed since he died.
☆ It is five years since he died.
☆ It has been five years since he died.
☆ He died five years ago.
☆ He has been dead for five years.
　（彼が死んで5年になる）
☆ Three years have passed since we got married.
☆ It is three years since we got married.
☆ It has been three years since we got married.
☆ We got married three years ago.
☆ We have been married for three years.
　　　 （結婚して3年になる）
正解：Six months have passed since the author was killed in an accident.
a. It has been half a year since the author lost his life in an accident.
b. Six months have gone by since the author's fatal accident.

「明日の今ごろ」
at this time tomorrow
現在・過去・未来のある時点で動作が進行している場合，
＜進行形be＋doing＞を用いる。
未来進行形の例文を挙げておく。
☆ I’ll be waiting for you at 3 o’clock.
（3時にお待ちしています）
〔未来のある時に進行中の動作・出来事〕
☆ I’ll be seeing her soon.　　　　　
（私は彼女に近いうちに会うことになっている）
〔確定的な未来の予定（成り行き）〕
正解：At this time tomorrow we will be traveling on the train.
a. Tomorrow at this hour, we'll be on a train journey.
b. In the next 24 hours, we will be en route on a train.

「待ち遠しい」 can hardly wait ＝ can’t wait　　　
知覚を表す動詞 see は原則進行形不可。
ただし「会う」の意味では進行形になることもある．
＜参考＞ 未来の表し方は主に4つ
⑴ We leave for Tokyo tomorrow.
〔話者の中で100％確実な予定〕
⑵ We are leaving for Tokyo tomorrow.　
〔確定的予定で（心の）準備をはじめている〕
⑶ We are going to leave for Tokyo tomorrow.　
〔⑵とほぼ同意〕
⑷ We will leave for Tokyo tomorrow.　
〔普通，突然やる気になったことがらを表す〕
正解：I am seeing her next Sunday but I can hardly wait.
a. Next Sunday, I'll be meeting her, and the anticipation is overwhelming.
b. I'm eagerly anticipating our meeting next Sunday.

will be doing〔未来進行形〕「 ～ しているだろう」
at this time ～「 ～ の今頃」という未来の時点を基点として
動作が進行しているの為に，未来進行形になる。
進行形にできる動詞は一般に〈動作動詞〉と呼ばれる。
状態・感情・知覚を表す動詞には，進行形にしないものが多い。
正解：At this time tomorrow we will be traveling on the train.
a. Tomorrow at this hour, we'll be on a train journey.
b. In the next 24 hours, we will be en route on a train.

came を過去の基点としてそれまでの継続を表す
過去完了〈had done〉を用いる。
過去完了では必ず
“基準となる過去の1時点”
が意識されている．
英作文で単に「過去に～していた」という場合に，
必然性のない過去完了形に注意すべき。
正解：When the doctor came, I had been ill in bed for more than a week.
a. By the time the doctor arrived, I had been bedridden for over a week.
b. I had been unwell in bed for more than a week when the doctor finally arrived.


★ 本記事内容の無断流用は著作権により禁じます

今後も英語に関する情報を発信していきます。