マイベストプロ神戸
TEX 二井原

英検1級取得者によるオンライン個別指導のプロ

TEX 二井原(てっくすにいはら) / 英語講師

英語パーソナルジム HIET(ヒート)/ High Intensity English Training

コラム

英文法5分ドリル【形容詞&副詞】③

2024年1月22日

テーマ:大学入試・TOEIC・英検

コラムカテゴリ:スクール・習い事


本記事は独学・国内学習による
英検1級保持者が書きました。



The price of books is getting (    ) these days.
  ① cheaper
  ② higher
  ③ more affordable
  ④ more expensive

◆ 特定の名詞を修飾する形容詞:
large/small「多い/少ない」
 ✰ population「人口」
 ✰ number「数」
 ✰ income「収入」
 ✰ family「家族」
 ✰ salary「給料」
 ✰ audience「聴衆」
high/low「多い/少ない」
 ✰ price「価格」
 ✰ salary「給料」
 ✰ income「収入」
heavy/light「多い/少ない」
 ✰ traffic「交通量」
 ✰ breakfast「朝食」
 ✰ meal「食事」
strong/weak「濃い/薄い」
 ✰ coffee「コ-ヒ-」
 ✰ tea「紅茶」
★〔主語=値段〕
 The price of books is getting higher these days.
★〔主語=商品〕
 Books are getting more expensive these days.  
正解:②
「この頃,本の値段が上がってきた」
The price of books is getting higher these days.
Books are becoming more expensive these days.
There has been an increase in the price of books lately.
Books have become pricier in recent times.
These days, the cost of books keeps rising.






In England (    ) to abolish poverty without destroying liberty.
  ① you would make possible
  ② you would be possible
  ③ it would be possible
  ④ it would be you possible

<It is possible (for A) to do >
「(Aが)…することは可能である」
It is possible for John to finish the project by tomorrow.
「ジョンが明日までにプロジェクトを終えることは可能だ」
possible は原則として人を主語に取らない。
abolish 「廃止する」 
poverty 「貧困」 
liberty 「自由」
ここでの would は仮定法で条件は In England
正解:③
「英国なら自由を破壊することなく貧困を根絶することは可能であろう」
In England it would be possible to abolish poverty without destroying liberty.
Poverty in England could potentially be eradicated without compromising liberty.
The abolition of poverty in England without compromising liberty is conceivable.
It's feasible to eliminate poverty in England while preserving liberty.
Without jeopardizing liberty, it would be feasible to eradicate poverty in England.







You can have an appointment with Dr. Jones at three o’clock. Will (    )?
  ① you be convenient
  ② that be convenient
  ③ that be a convenience
  ④ be that convenient

<be convenient for A>
「Aに都合よい」
Living near the office is convenient for John because he can walk to work.
「ジョンにとっては、オフィスの近くに住むことが便利だ。なぜなら、彼は歩いて仕事に行けるから」
convenient は通例,人を主語に取らない。
③. convenience は名詞で「便利なこと」
cf.) public convenience「公衆便所」〔英用法〕
正解:②
「ジョンソン先生に3時に予約できますが,ご都合よろしいですか」
You can have an appointment with Dr. Jones at three o’clock. Will that be convenient?
Would three o'clock be convenient for you to schedule an appointment with Dr. Jones?
Dr. Jones is available at three o'clock; does that suit your schedule?
How about scheduling your appointment with Dr. Jones at three o'clock? Is that convenient for you?
There's an appointment slot at three o'clock with Dr. Jones; does that work for you?








Superman, almost invulnerable and (    ) fly through the air, is the last survivor of the planet Krypton.
  ① able to
  ② can
  ③ capable
  ④ ability to

<be able to do >
「…することができる」
After weeks of practice, she was able to play the song on the piano.
「数週間の練習の後、彼女はその曲をピアノで弾けるようになった」
almost … air, は主語の補足説明(分詞構文)
③は capable of flying なら正解。
正解:①
「スーパーマンは,ほとんど不死身で空を飛ぶことができるのだが,クリプトン惑星の最後の生き残りだ」      
Superman, almost invulnerable and able to fly through the air, is the last survivor of the planet Krypton.
The last survivor of the planet Krypton, Superman, possesses near-invulnerability and the ability to fly through the air.
Superman, the final inhabitant of Krypton, possesses nearly invincible traits and can fly.
Superman, the sole survivor of Krypton, is nearly invincible and can fly.
Superman, the last of Krypton, possesses near-invulnerability and flight capability.

【参考】
"be able to do" と "could" は、基本的には似たような意味を持つ表現ですが、微妙な違いがある。

"be able to do":
これは一般的に、能力や許可に焦点を当てる。
例: She is able to speak three languages.
(彼女は3つの言語を話すことができます。)

"could":
能力だけでなく過去の状況や行動、依頼、許可に使用可。
 When I was younger, I could run very fast.
 (若い頃、私はとても速く走ることができました。)
 Could you please pass me the salt?
 (塩を取っていただけますか?)
<be able to>は主に現在の能力や許可を指し示し、
<could>は過去の能力、依頼・許可などの文脈でも使える。
ただし、文脈によって微妙な違いがあるため、
具体的な文においてどちらを使うかはその文脈に依存する。





The discussion the villagers had on the environment was quite (    ).
  ① alive
  ② lived
  ③ lively
  ④ living

✰ lively 「(人などが)元気な」   
✰ alive 「生き生きして, 生きている」  
✰ living 「生きている/生命のある」 
・a lively mind(快活な精神)
・He is thoroughly alive.(彼はまったく元気だ)
living things(生物)
正解:③
「環境に関して村人が行った議論はかなり白熱した」
The discussion the villagers had on the environment was quite lively.
The villagers' discussion regarding the environment was notably energetic and animated.
The lively discussion on the environment involved the villagers.
A vibrant and animated conversation on the environment took place among the villagers.
There was quite a lively discussion among the villagers regarding the environment.









Nowadays not many students want to be teachers, probably because they find teacher’s salaries very (    ).
  ① cheap
  ② expensive
  ③ inexpensive
  ④ low

✰ low  「(給料が)少ない」(⇔ high)
✰ cheap「(品物などが)安い」
✰ inexpensive 「(品物などが)高くない」(⇔ expensive)
low salary  (低い給料)
cheap clothing  (安い服)
cheap accommodation  (安い宿泊施設)
inexpensive restaurant  (手頃な価格のレストラン)
inexpensive option  (高くない選択肢)
find O C 「OをCと思う・OがCだと分かる」  
正解:④
「この頃,教師になろうという学生があまりいない。たぶん教師の給料がとても低いと思っているからだろう」 
Nowadays not many students want to be teachers, probably because they find teacher’s salaries very low.
The diminishing interest among students to become teachers could stem from their perception of low teacher salaries.
Possibly due to the perceived inadequacy of teacher salaries, fewer students aspire to become teachers nowadays.
The declining desire among students to pursue teaching careers might be attributed to the generally low teacher salaries.
Considering the low salaries, it's no wonder that fewer students aspire to become teachers nowadays.







All the events described in this story are (    ). They didn’t really happen.
  ① imaginary
  ② imaginable
  ③ images
  ④ imagine

✰ imaginary「想像上の」    
✰ imaginable 「想像できる」
✰ imaginative 「想像力豊かな」
・an imaginary country(架空の国)
・every trouble imaginable(想像しうるあらゆる困難)
・an imaginative writer(想像力豊かな作家)
★ -ful, -ous, -ive の語尾
 (a) 傾向「~しがちな」
 (b) 性質「~ぽい」
-ful:
The basket was colorful with an array of vibrant flowers.
日本語訳: バスケットは鮮やかな花でいっぱいでした。
-ous:
His actions were dangerous and posed a threat to everyone around.
彼の行動は危険であり、周囲の全員に脅威を与えた。
-ive:
Her creative approach to problem-solving impressed her colleagues.
彼女の問題解決への創造的なアプローチは同僚たちを感動させた。
正解:①
「この話の中で語られた出来事は全て空想上のことで,事実ではない」
All the events described in this story are imaginary. They didn’t really happen.
Clarification and Assertion: None of the events depicted in this story are real; they are all products of imagination.
Every event mentioned in this story is entirely fictitious; none of them occurred.
The events narrated in this story are entirely fabricated; none of them actually took place.
All events in this story are products of imagination and did not occur in reality.







I want to study (    ) next year.
  ① foreign
  ② to foreign
  ③ abroad
  ④ to abroad

副詞(句)の前に前置詞を置いたらダメ。
✰ I went to his house.
 「私は彼の家に行った」
✰ He went home.
 「彼は帰宅した」          
homeは「家へ(で)」は名詞ではなく副詞なので
 × He went to home.
とは言わない。
 × We have a math test in next week.
 ○ We have a math test next week.
副詞の前に前置詞を置いたらダメ。fromは例外。
・from behind the curtain
・from under the table
・from then on
◆ 他品詞と間違えて前置詞を付けてはいけない副詞 
go+副「~へ行く」
 ▸ home「家へ」
 ▸ upstairs「2階へ」
 ▸ downstairs「階下へ」
 ▸ downtown「繁華街へ」
 ▸ abroad「外国へ」
 ▸ overseas「外国へ」
 ▸ next door「隣へ」
study abroad「留学する」
stay indoors「部屋にいる」
play outdoors「外で遊ぶ」
last/next+名
 ➪(時を表わす)副詞句
<last + 名詞>:
Last week, I went on a vacation to the beach.
(先週、私はビーチに休暇に行きました)
I saw him at the party last night.
(昨夜のパーティーで彼に会いました)
<next + 名詞>:
Next semester, I plan to take a course in photography.
(来学期、私は写真のコースを受講する予定です)
We have a meeting scheduled for next Monday.
(来週の月曜日に予定されている会議があります)
正解:③
「来年留学したい」
I want to study abroad next year.
My plan is to pursue studies abroad in the coming year.
I'm keen on studying overseas next year.
Next year, I aim to study abroad.
Studying abroad is my goal for next year.








It was so dark that they could (    ).
  ① hard see
  ② hardly see
  ③ see hard
  ④ see hardly

hardly「ほとんど … ない」
の位置はそれを not に置き換えて判断する。
一般に〈 形容詞+ly=副詞 〉と言える。
ex.) kind → kindly
試験で問われるのは次の2点。
★ -lyで終わるが,副詞でなく形容詞
 ・daily 毎日の
 ・weekly 毎週の
 ・friendly 親しい
 ・lively 活発な  
★ -lyの有無により意味が変わるもの
〔形容詞〕                          
✰ near「近い」            
✰ high「高い」         
✰ bad「悪い」          
〔副詞〕
✰ nearly「ほとんど」
✰ highly「非常に」
✰ badly「悪く・非常に」

・daily routine  (毎日の日課)
・weekly meeting  (毎週の会議)
・friendly atmosphere  (親しい雰囲気)
・lively discussion  (活発な議論)
・nearly finished (ほぼ終わった)
・nearly impossible (ほとんど不可能)
・highly recommended (非常におすすめ)
・highly skilled (非常に熟練している)
・badly damaged (ひどく損傷している)
・badly needed (非常に必要とされている)
正解:②
「ほとんど見えないくらい暗かった」  
It was so dark that they could hardly see.
The darkness was intense, making it extremely difficult for them to see.
They had an almost impossible time seeing due to the extreme darkness.
The darkness was so profound that their ability to see was severely impaired.
Their visibility was significantly hindered by the intense darkness.








(    ) people take their holidays in the summer.
  ① Almost
  ② Most of
  ③ Most
  ④ Almost of the

✰ <most of the A>
 =<almost all (of) the A>
 「(特定の)Aのほとんど」
✰ <most A>
 =<almost all A>
 「(不特定の)Aのほとんど」
【ほとんどの】
almost all the girls
almost all of the girls
most girls
most of the girls
× almost girls     
× almost of girls   
× almost of the girls
× most of girls
× the most girls
正解:③
「多くの人が夏休みをとる
Most people take their holidays in the summer.
The majority of individuals opt to take their vacations during the summer months.
Summer is when most people choose to take their holidays.
The summer season sees the highest number of people taking their vacations.
Holidays are predominantly taken by most individuals during the summer.


【音読基本英文】



「この頃,本の値段が上がってきた」

The price of books is getting higher these days.
Books are becoming more expensive these days.
There has been an increase in the price of books lately.
Books have become pricier in recent times.
These days, the cost of books keeps rising.







「英国なら自由を破壊することなく貧困を根絶することは可能であろう」

In England it would be possible to abolish poverty without destroying liberty.
Poverty in England could potentially be eradicated without compromising liberty.
The abolition of poverty in England without compromising liberty is conceivable.
It's feasible to eliminate poverty in England while preserving liberty.
Without jeopardizing liberty, it would be feasible to eradicate poverty in England.








「ジョンソン先生に3時に予約できますが,ご都合よろしいですか」

You can have an appointment with Dr. Jones at three o’clock. Will that be convenient?
Would three o'clock be convenient for you to schedule an appointment with Dr. Jones?
Dr. Jones is available at three o'clock; does that suit your schedule?
How about scheduling your appointment with Dr. Jones at three o'clock? Is that convenient for you?
There's an appointment slot at three o'clock with Dr. Jones; does that work for you








「スーパーマンは,ほとんど不死身で空を飛ぶことができるのだが,クリプトン惑星の最後の生き残りだ」      

Superman, almost invulnerable and able to fly through the air, is the last survivor of the planet Krypton.
The last survivor of the planet Krypton, Superman, possesses near-invulnerability and the ability to fly through the air.
Superman, the final inhabitant of Krypton, possesses nearly invincible traits and can fly.
Superman, the sole survivor of Krypton, is nearly invincible and can fly.
Superman, the last of Krypton, possesses near-invulnerability and flight capability.








「環境に関して村人が行った議論はかなり白熱した」

The discussion the villagers had on the environment was quite lively.
The villagers' discussion regarding the environment was notably energetic and animated.
The lively discussion on the environment involved the villagers.
A vibrant and animated conversation on the environment took place among the villagers.
There was quite a lively discussion among the villagers regarding the environment.









「この頃,教師になろうという学生があまりいない。たぶん教師の給料がとても低いと思っているからだろう」 

Nowadays not many students want to be teachers, probably because they find teacher’s salaries very low.
The diminishing interest among students to become teachers could stem from their perception of low teacher salaries.
Possibly due to the perceived inadequacy of teacher salaries, fewer students aspire to become teachers nowadays.
The declining desire among students to pursue teaching careers might be attributed to the generally low teacher salaries.
Considering the low salaries, it's no wonder that fewer students aspire to become teachers nowadays.







「この話の中で語られた出来事は全て空想上のことで,事実ではない」

All the events described in this story are imaginary. They didn’t really happen.
Clarification and Assertion: None of the events depicted in this story are real; they are all products of imagination.
Every event mentioned in this story is entirely fictitious; none of them occurred.
The events narrated in this story are entirely fabricated; none of them actually took place.
All events in this story are products of imagination and did not occur in reality.










「来年留学したい」

I want to study abroad next year.
My plan is to pursue studies abroad in the coming year.
I'm keen on studying overseas next year.
Next year, I aim to study abroad.
Studying abroad is my goal for next year.







「ほとんど見えないくらい暗かった」  

It was so dark that they could hardly see.
The darkness was intense, making it extremely difficult for them to see.
They had an almost impossible time seeing due to the extreme darkness.
The darkness was so profound that their ability to see was severely impaired.
Their visibility was significantly hindered by the intense darkness.








「多くの人が夏休みをとる

Most people take their holidays in the summer.
The majority of individuals opt to take their vacations during the summer months.
Summer is when most people choose to take their holidays.
The summer season sees the highest number of people taking their vacations.
Holidays are predominantly taken by most individuals during the summer.



要点整理【形容詞&副詞】

形 容 詞 = 名詞を修飾 or 補語

⑴ 限定用法(=名詞修飾)
 ①〈形容詞+名詞〉
  This is a serious problem.
  これは深刻な問題である。
 ②〈something, anything, nothing, everything+形容詞〉
  Was there anything wrong with the car?
  車の調子が悪いのですか。
 ③〈名詞 ← 形容詞句〉
  Japan is a country poor in natural resources.
  日本は資源に乏しい国である。

⑵ 叙述用法(=C になる)
 ① 補語になる場合
  This problem is serious.
  この問題は深刻である。
 ②〈名詞+形容詞〉
  Those present were all very glad to hear the news.
  出席者はみなその知らせを聞いてとても喜んだ。

⑶ 限定用法のみに用いる形容詞
 ・chief(主な)
 ・main(主な)
 ・mere(ほんの)
 ・only(唯一の)
 ・wooden(木の)
 ・live /laiv/(生きている)

⑷ 叙述用法のみに用いる形容詞
 ★ a-で始まる形容詞
 ・afraid(恐れて)
 ・alike(似て)
 ・alive(生きて)
 ・alone(一人で),
 ・ashamed(恥じて)
 ・asleep(眠って)
 ・awake(目が覚めて)
 ・aware(気付いて)
 ★ 前置詞・不定詞・動名詞を伴う形容詞
 ・be bound for(~行きの)
 ・be inclined to do(~しがちで)
 ・be proud of(~を自慢している)
 ・be subject to(~を受けやすい)
 ・be unable to do(~することができない),
 ・be worth doing(~する価値がある)

⑸ 限定用法と叙述用法では意味の異なる形容詞
   〈 限 定 用 法 〉    〈 叙 述 用 法 〉
certain  ある         確かな
present 現在の        その場にいる
late    最近の/亡くなった   遅れて
ill     悪い 病気で

◆ 数に関する形容詞
         可算名詞     不可算名詞
たくさんの     many       much
たくさんの         a lot of
少しの(肯定)  a few        a little
ほとんど~ない   few        little
少なからぬ    not a few     not a little
         quite a few    quite a little

◆〈人〉を主語に取るか否か
⑴ 〔It is ... for A to do〕
 ・dangerous(危険な)
 ・difficult(難しい)
 ・easy(やさしい)
 ・hard(難しい),
 ・possible(可能な)
 ・impossible(不可能な)

⑵ 〔It is ... for A to do / It is ... that S V〕
 ・convenient(便利な)
 ・inconvenient(不便な)
 ・important(重要な)
 ・unimportant(重要でない)
 ・natural(当然な)
 ・necessary(必要な)
 ・unnecessary(不必要な),
 ・regrettable(遺憾な)

⑶〔人を主語にする形容詞〕
 ・angry(怒った)
 ・glad(喜んで)
 ・happy(楽しい)
 ・sorry(気の毒な)
 ・able(できる)
 ・unable(できない)

◆ その他注意すべき形容詞
⑴ 〔the+形容詞〕
 ・the sick(病人)
 ・the young(若者)
 ・the old(老人)
 ・the living(生きている人),
 ・the dead(死人)
 ・the unemployed(失業者)

⑵『~できる』
 ・人be (un)able to do
 ・人be (in)capable of doing
 ・It is (im)possible for 人 to do

⑶ It is 形容詞 that S should (do) 「S が~するのは○形だ」
 ◇ 主観的判断
 ・natural
 ・no wonder「当然で」
 ・wrong「間違った」
 ・rational「理にかなった」
 ・reasonable「筋の通った」

 ◇ 感情の強調
 ・strange, odd「奇妙な」
 ・surprising「驚くべき」
 ・regrettable, a pity「残念な」
 ・disappointing「つまらない」
 ・absurd「ばかげた」
 ・fortunate「幸いな」
 ・should 省略可
 ・important「重要な」
 ・necessary「必要な」
 ・essential「必要な不可欠な」
 ・proper「適切な」

⑷ 特定の名詞を修飾する形容詞
large/small 「多い/少ない」
 ・population「人口」
 ・number「数」
 ・income「収入」
 ・family「家族」
 ・salary「給料」
 ・audience「聴衆」

high/low 「多い/少ない」
 ・price「価格」
 ・salary「給料」
 ・income「収入」

heavy/light 「多い/少ない」
 ・traffic「交通量」
 ・breakfast「朝食」
 ・meal「食事」

strong/weak 「濃い/薄い」
 ・coffee「コ-ヒ-」
 ・tea「紅茶」

⑸ many ⇔ much ⇔ few ⇔ little〔数量形容詞〕
【数量】
✰ many/ few  ➪ 〈可算名詞〉
✰ much/ little  ➪ 〈不可算名詞〉

【活用】
✰ many[much] - more - most
✰ few - fewer - fewest
✰ little - less - least

【品詞】
✰ many/few/fewer/fewest ➪ 形 or 名
✰ much/more/most/little/least ➪ 形 or 名 or 副

⑹ a の有無での意味のちがい
✰ a few/ a little(肯定的)「少しの~」
✰ few/ little(否定的)「ほとんど~ない」

⑺『多くの~』
✰ 可算名詞名詞につく  ➪ a number of ~
✰ 不可算名詞につく   ➪ a good deal of ~
             a good amount of

⑻ 注意すべき活用形 原級-比較級-最上級
✰ good「良い」・well「元気な,よく」 - better - best
✰ bad 「悪い」・ill「病気の」 - worse - worst
✰ late「時間が遅い」 - later - latest「最新の」
✰ late「順序が遅い」 - latter「後半の」 - last「最後の」

⑼ 後ろに目的語を取る形容詞
 ・worth「~する価値がある」
 ・like「~のように」
 ・unlike「~と違って」
 ・near「~の近くに」
 ・opposite「~の向こう側に」

要点整理〔副詞〕

1〔文中でのハタラキ〕
〈副 詞〉
 動詞・形容詞・副詞・文を修飾 (名詞以外を修飾)
〈形容詞〉
 《 限定用法 》名詞を修飾
 《 叙述用法 》C (補語) になる

2〔基本用例〕
<動詞を修飾>
 He speaks English fluently.
 (彼は流暢に英語を話す)
<形容詞を修飾>
 Your mother is very beautiful.
 (君のお母さんはとても美しい)
<他の副詞を修飾>
 He can speak English fairly well.
 (彼はかなり上手に英語を話せる)
<文修飾>
 Fortunately, he passed the test.
 (幸運にも,彼はテストに合格した)

3〔位置に注意を要するもの〕
【一般の副詞】
 ➪ 文尾か動詞の前
  He plays the piano well.
  (彼はピアノを上手にひく)
【頻度の副詞】
 ➪ 動詞の前
  He is sometimes late to the office.
  (彼は時々会社に遅れる)
【時を表す副詞】
 ➪ 文尾か文頭
  We met him yesterday.
  (我々は昨日彼に会った)
【形容詞/副詞を修飾】
 ➪ その直前
  She can run very fast.
  (彼女はとても早く走れる)
【文修飾】
 ➪ 文頭
  Certainly he promised to come.
  (確かに彼は来ると約束した)
【同種の副詞】
 ➪ 小さい単位が前
  I was born on May 3 in 19800.
  (私は1980 年3 月3 日生まれだ)
【異種の副詞】
 ➪<場所+時>の語順
  I met her at the station on Sunday.
  (彼女に日曜,駅で会った)

4 very / much
✰ very   ➪ 形容詞・副詞/現在分詞/原級
✰ much  ➪ 動詞/過去分詞/比較級・最上級

<very+現在分詞>
His story was very interesting.
(彼の話はとても面白かった)
<very+原形>
His book was very good.
(彼の本はとても良かった)
<the very+最上級>
He is the very best player on this cocker team.
(彼はこのチームでまさに最高の選手だ)
<the very+名詞句>
This is the very book he has looking for.
(これはまさに彼が探してきた本だ)
<much+過去分詞>
The teacher was much disliked.
(彼の態度はとても嫌われていた)
<much+比較級>
His house is much larger than mine.
(彼の家は私のよりもずっと大きい)
<much the+最上級>
She is much the best singer in this country.
(彼女はこの国で抜群にうまい歌手だ)

◆ much を含む重要表現
<much too+形容詞/副詞>
「大いに,非常に」
 He is much too young.
 (彼は若すぎる)
<much to+所有格+感情名詞>
「~したことに」
 Much to my surprise[disappointment], he betray us.
 (驚いたこと[がっかりしたことに]彼は我々を裏切った)
<much+the same>
「ほぼ同じ」
 He is in much the same condition as yesterday.
 (彼は昨日とほぼ同じ容態だ)


5 ago / before
✰ ago  ➪ 過去形と併用/単独不可
   I saw the movie three days ago.
   (その映画を三日前に見た)
✰ before  ➪ 完了形と併用/単独可
   I have seen the movie before.
   (その映画を前に見た)

6『最近』
✰ nowadays  ➪ 現在時制
✰ these days ➪ 現在時制
✰ recently   ➪ 現在完了/過去時制
✰ lately     ➪ 現在完了/過去時制
✰ of late    ➪ 現在完了/過去時制
-s(複数形)が繰り返し(現在時制の基本概念)を暗示している。
古い英語では-s の名詞は副詞扱いされていた。
nowadays やevenings「毎晩」などはその名残り。

7 頻度の副詞
✰ always       ➪ 100% 「いつも」
✰ usually, generally  ➪ 80% 「ふつうは」
✰ often, frequently   ➪ 60% 「よく」
✰ not always     ➪ 「必ずしも~というわけではない」
✰ sometimes     ➪ 50% 「時々」
✰ occasionally    ➪ 40% 「ときたま」
✰ seldom       ➪ 20% 「めったに~ない」
✰ rarely        ➪ 20% 「めったに~ない」
✰ never        ➪ 0% 「一度も~ない」

8 -ly の有無で意味の異なる副詞
hard「一生懸命に」 ⇔  hardly「ほとんど~ない」
late「遅く」     ⇔  lately「最近」
near「近くに」   ⇔ nearly「ほとんど」
high「高く」    ⇔ highly「大いに」
short「短く」    ⇔ shortly「まもなく」
sharp「きっかりに」  ⇔ sharply「鋭く」
most「もっとも」/mostly「たいていは」/almost「ほとんど」
✰ most  ➪ 形容詞 or 代名詞「ほとんど(の)」
✰ almost  ➪ 副詞「ほとんど」

9 強調の副詞
原級/比較級/最上級の強調
【原級の強調】
 ✰ very
  「とても」
【比較級の強調】
 ✰ much
 ✰ far
 ✰ even
 ✰ still
 ✰ yet
 ✰ a great deal
 ✰ a lot
 ✰ lots
  「よりいっそう」
【最上級の強調】
 ✰ by far
 ✰ much
  「ずばぬけて」
【否定の強調】
 ✰ not+at all
 ✰ in the least
 ✰ a bit
 ✰ whatever
 ✰ simply
 ✰ by no means
 ✰ in no way
 ✰ on no account
 ✰ far from~
 ✰ anything but~
【疑問詞の強調】
 ✰ on earth
 ✰ in the world
 ✰ the devil
  「いったい」


今後も英語学習に関わる情報、体験談を発信していきます。

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TEX 二井原(英語パーソナルジム HIET(ヒート)/ High Intensity English Training)

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