マイベストプロ神戸
TEX 二井原

英検1級取得者によるオンライン個別指導のプロ

TEX 二井原(てっくすにいはら) / 英語講師

英語パーソナルジム HIET(ヒート)/ High Intensity English Training

コラム

英文法5分ドリル【否定】②

2023年12月27日

テーマ:大学入試・TOEIC・英検

コラムカテゴリ:スクール・習い事


本記事は独学・国内学習による
英検1級保持者が書きました。


We cannot (    ) see the star with the naked eye.
  ① help
  ② necessarily
  ③ hardly
  ④ scarcely

<not necessarily> 
「必ずしも~とはかぎらない」《二重否定》
英作文で次の2つのニュアンスを意識したい。
(a) The rich are not necessarily happy.  
 ▸〔論理的に100%のthe rich ≠happy〕
(b) The rich are not always happy. 
 ▸〔happyでない時がある〕
(a)「金持ちが必ずしも幸せとはかぎらない」
(b)「金持ちがいつでも幸せとはかぎらない」
なお,次の文は部分否定ではないことに注意。
 It was not necessary for him to pay the bill.  
 =He didn’t have to pay the bill.
 (彼はその勘定を払う必要がなかった)
正解:② 
「必ずしも肉眼でその星が見えるとはかぎらない」
We cannot necessarily see the star with the naked eye.
The star might not always be visible without the aid of a telescope.
Seeing the star isn't guaranteed using just our eyes.
It's not certain that the star is observable without the assistance of a telescope.





(    ) employees here speak English well enough to do their job without an interpreter.
  ① Not all the
  ② Not every
  ③ Not all of
  ④ None of

<not all>が《部分否定》を形成している。
【参考】 
<not+all> の意味がストレス(強勢)で定まる場合がある。
(a) I wasn’t listening all the time.
(b) I wasn’t listening all the time.
(a) 〔部分否定〕「終始聞いていたわけではない」
(b) 〔全部否定〕「終始聞いていなかった」
正解:① 
「ここの従業員の全員が通訳なしで仕事をするほど英語を話せるわけではない」
Not all the employees here speak English well enough to do their job without an interpreter.
Some of the employees here lack sufficient English proficiency to perform their duties without an interpreter.
There's a subset of employees here who don't possess the English skills necessary to work without an interpreter.
It's not the case that every employee here can work without an interpreter due to English proficiency.






I couldn’t accept any of the three proposals, because I found (    ) satisfactory.
  ① any of them
  ② either of them
  ③ neither of them
  ④ none of them

none は対象が3者以上。
<none of A>
「Aのうちどれ(誰)も…ない」
Aには定冠詞や所有格で限定された複数名詞や
them, us などの複数の目的格代名詞が来る。
②③は対象物が2者の場合の表現。
any は肯定文中で3者以上の対象物を前提にするが
「どの1者でもよい」
という意味になるのでここでは不可。
 I’ve put money on three horses. If any of them wins, I will make a fortune.
(僕は3頭の馬に賭けた。どれか1頭が勝てば一儲けできるだろう)
正解:④ 
「3つの提案のどれもお受けできません。全て不十分です」 
I couldn’t accept any of the three proposals, because I found none of them satisfactory.
None of the three proposals met my criteria for acceptance.
I rejected all three proposals as none of them were satisfactory to me.
None of the three proposals lived up to my standards for acceptance.




Under no circumstances (    ) unlocked.
  ① must not the door be left
  ② must the door leave
  ③ the door must not leave
  ④ must the door be left

<under no circumstances>
(いかなる状況下においても)
 ▸「なにがあっても」(=on no account)
この表現は否定語で,その後ろは疑問文の語順で
《倒置》が強制的に生じる。よって、
  must(助)  the door(S)  leave(V)
と疑問文の語順を取っている④を選択する。
正解:④
「どんなことがあっても,そのドアはロックしてはいけない」
Under no circumstances must the door be left unlocked.
It's imperative that the door remains locked at all times without exceptions.
The door should never be left unlocked, regardless of the situation.
There are no conditions where leaving the door unlocked is acceptable.





He is the (    ) person to tell a lie.
  ① last
  ② late
  ③ later
  ④ least

< the last to do >
『もっとも…しない~』
 ☆ He is the last person who tells a lie.
 ☆ He never tell a lie.
 ☆ He is anything but a liar.
 ☆ He is far from a liar.
 ☆ He is most unlikely to tell a lie.
 ☆ He is not at all a liar.
 ☆ He is above telling a lie.
『彼は約束を守る人だ』
 ☆ He never fails to keep his promise.
 ☆ He is as good as his word.
 ☆ He is a man of his word.
 ☆ He is sure to keep his word.
 ☆ He keeps his word without fail.
正解:①
「彼は決して嘘をかない」
He is the last person to tell a lie.
He is the least likely person to tell a lie.
If there's one person who wouldn't tell a lie, it's him.
Among all, he's the person least inclined to tell a lie.






“Am I bothering you?”
“No, not in the (    ).”
  ① better
  ② less
  ③ best
  ④ least

「まったく~ない」
と否定を強調する副詞(句)を挙げると
  (a) in the least
 (b) at all
 (c) in the world
 (d) on earth
 (e) whatever
このうち(b) (c) (d) は疑問詞を強める用法もある。
  Who on earth is calling at this hour ?
 (いったい誰がこんな時間に電話をしてくるんだ)
正解:④
「迷惑をかけているかな?」
「いいえ,まったく」
“Am I bothering you?”
“No, not in the whatever.”
"Am I causing you any inconvenience?"
"No, not in the slightest."
"Are you feeling bothered by me?"
"No, not at all."
"Is my presence causing you any trouble?"
"No, not in any way."




Never (    ) to come here by five.
  ① fail
  ② sure
  ③ mind
  ④ miss

<fail to do >
「~をしない, ~ することをしくじる,できない」
を never が否定して
「決して ~ しないことはない」
 ▸「いつも必ず ~ する」
正解:①
「必ず5時までにここに来て」
Never fail to come here by five.
Always make sure to arrive here by five without exception.
It's crucial to consistently be here by five without any lapses.
Make it a rule to always be here by five without failing.





My parents were thinking of (    ) my coming home safe.
  ① without
  ② but for
  ③ nothing but
  ④ as to

<nothing but A >
0%・100% を表す語と併用される but=except(除外) なので
「A以外の何でもない」
 ▸「Aだけ」(=only)
正解:③
「私の両親は私が無事に家に戻ることだけを考えていた」
My parents were thinking of nothing but my coming home safe.
My parents were solely focused on ensuring my safe return home.
Nothing occupied my parents' thoughts except for my safe arrival home.
All that mattered to my parents was my safe return home.

【音読基本英文】



「必ずしも肉眼でその星が見えるとはかぎらない」

We cannot necessarily see the star with the naked eye.
The star might not always be visible without the aid of a telescope.
Seeing the star isn't guaranteed using just our eyes.
It's not certain that the star is observable without the assistance of a telescope.





「ここの従業員の全員が通訳なしで仕事をするほど英語を話せるわけではない」

Not all the employees here speak English well enough to do their job without an interpreter.
Some of the employees here lack sufficient English proficiency to perform their duties without an interpreter.
There's a subset of employees here who don't possess the English skills necessary to work without an interpreter.
It's not the case that every employee here can work without an interpreter due to English proficiency.





「3つの提案のどれもお受けできません。全て不十分です」 

I couldn’t accept any of the three proposals, because I found none of them satisfactory.
None of the three proposals met my criteria for acceptance.
I rejected all three proposals as none of them were satisfactory to me.
None of the three proposals lived up to my standards for acceptance.





「どんなことがあっても,そのドアはロックしてはいけない」

Under no circumstances must the door be left unlocked.
It's imperative that the door remains locked at all times without exceptions.
The door should never be left unlocked, regardless of the situation.
There are no conditions where leaving the door unlocked is acceptable.






「彼は決して嘘をかない」

He is the last person to tell a lie.
He is the least likely person to tell a lie.
If there's one person who wouldn't tell a lie, it's him.
Among all, he's the person least inclined to tell a lie.






「迷惑をかけているかな?」
「いいえ,まったく」

“Am I bothering you?”
“No, not in the whatever.”
"Am I causing you any inconvenience?"
"No, not in the slightest."
"Are you feeling bothered by me?"
"No, not at all."
"Is my presence causing you any trouble?"
"No, not in any way."






「必ず5時までにここに来て」

Never fail to come here by five.
Always make sure to arrive here by five without exception.
It's crucial to consistently be here by five without any lapses.
Make it a rule to always be here by five without failing.






「私の両親は私が無事に家に戻ることだけを考えていた」

My parents were thinking of nothing but my coming home safe.
My parents were solely focused on ensuring my safe return home.
Nothing occupied my parents' thoughts except for my safe arrival home.
All that mattered to my parents was my safe return home.



要点整理【否定】


〈部分否定〉
I don’t know both of the parents.
(私は両親を両方知っているわけでない)
〈全部否定〉
I don’t know either of the parents.
=I know neither of the parents.
(私は両親どちらも知らない)
⒝ 3者以上の場合

〈部分否定〉
Not all of the passengers were rescued.
(全ての乗客が救出されたわけではない)
〈部分否定〉
Not every passenger was rescued.
(全ての乗客が救出されたわけではない)
〈全部否定〉
None of the passengers were rescued.
(救出された乗客はいなかった)
〈全部否定〉
No passengers were rescued.
(救出された乗客はいなかった)

 〈部分否定〉
I’m not always at home on Sundays.
(私は日曜日にいつも家にいるわけではない)
〈全部否定〉
I’m never at home on Sundays.
(私は日曜日には家にいない)




5 《潜在否定》慣用表現 Best 10
⑴ anything but 「…どころではない」
  He is anything but a musician.
(彼はミュージシャンどころではない)
⑵ the last 名 to do/関係詞節… 「最も…しそうにない~」
  He is the last person to tell a lie.
(彼は最も嘘をつきそうにない人間だ)
⑶ far from
 「…どころではない」
  The result is far from satisfactory.
  (その結果は満足に遠く及ばない)
⑷ beyond/above
 「…を超越している」
  He is above stealing.
  (彼は盗みをするような人間ではない)
⑸ never fail to do
 「…必ず~するのを忘れない」
  Never fail to go to wash your hands before going for a drive.
  (ドライブに行く前に必ず手を洗ってね)
⑹ free from
 「…から開放されている」
  No one is free from faults.
  (人はだれでも欠点を持っている)
⑺ not …in the least
 「まったく…ない」
  This book is not in the least easy.
  (この本はまったく簡単ではない)
⑻ by no means
 「決して…ない」
  She is by no means stupid.
  (彼女は決して馬鹿ではない)
⑼ nothing but
 「…以外の何者でもない」
  Don’t believe what he says. He is nothing but a liar.
  (彼の言うことを信じないで。彼は嘘つきだ)
⑽ do nothing but do
 「…ばかりしている」
  He does nothing but worry every day.
  (彼は毎日心配ばかりしている)
6 〈倒置〉 否定語・only・well +助+S V
  I little dreamed of seeing him again.
  ➪ Little did I dream of seeing him again.
  (彼に再び会えるとは夢にも思っていなかった)
  I have never seen her since then.
  ➪ Never have I seen her since then.
 (それ以来,彼女には一度たりとも会っていない)
以下類例。
Only then did he realize it.
(彼はそのときはじめてそれを悟った)
Not only does she dislike him but she despises him.
(彼女は彼を嫌っているばかりでなく軽蔑している)
Hardly had he gone when they began to speak ill of him.
(彼が帰るとすぐ彼らは彼の悪口を言い始めた)

今後も英語学習に関わる情報、体験談を発信していきます。

この記事を書いたプロ

TEX 二井原

英検1級取得者によるオンライン個別指導のプロ

TEX 二井原(英語パーソナルジム HIET(ヒート)/ High Intensity English Training)

Share

関連するコラム

  1. マイベストプロ TOP
  2. マイベストプロ神戸
  3. 兵庫の出産・子育て・教育
  4. 兵庫の大学受験・共通テスト(センター試験)
  5. TEX 二井原
  6. コラム一覧
  7. 英文法5分ドリル【否定】②

© My Best Pro