マイベストプロ神戸
TEX 二井原

英検1級取得者によるオンライン個別指導のプロ

TEX 二井原(てっくすにいはら) / 英語講師

英語パーソナルジム HIET(ヒート)/ High Intensity English Training

コラム

英文法5分ドリル《 ゴールデン動詞フレーズ 》③

2024年6月17日

テーマ:大学入試・TOEIC・英検

コラムカテゴリ:スクール・習い事


本記事は独学・国内学習による
英検1級保持者が書きました。

《 ゴールデン動詞フレーズ 100人組手 》③

⑴ She sat (   ) the bench.
  ① down    
  ② down on    
  ③ in    
  ④ at 

それぞれ sit=第1文型動詞,seat=第3文型動詞で
次の関係が成立。
seat himself(自分自身をすわらせる)=sit(すわる)
また,He seated himself. の受動態は次のとおり。
 He was seated.
以上から次の公式が成立。
《 seat oneself = sit = be seated 》
S V Oで例外的に S=O が成立する場合があり,
その場合 O に必ず oneself〈再帰代名詞〉が用いられる。
自分の動作が他者ではなく自己に帰るので
『自分を~する』➪『自分で~する』
という発想転換が生じ,結果として
〈他動詞+oneself = 自動詞的意味〉になる。
ここでは sat は自動詞 sit の過去形なので
後に名詞を続ける場合は前置詞が必要。
なお,一般に「~に座る」は
ひじ付椅子の場合 [枠] のイメージから in,
ベンチなどには on [表面接触] を用いる。
down は副詞で取り除いても文構造は成立。
⑴ 正解 ②
「彼女はベンチに腰を下ろした」
She sat down on the bench.
She perched on the bench.
She settled onto the bench.
She took a seat on the bench.
She rested on the bench.
She positioned herself on the bench.





【参考】
◆ SV oneself[S=oneself]
 ✰ kill oneself「自殺する」
 ✰ seat oneself「すわる」
 ✰ enjoy oneself「楽しむ」
 ✰ present oneself「現れる」
 ✰ show oneself「現れる」
 ✰ dress oneself「服を着る」
 ✰ behave oneself「行儀よくする」
 ✰ express oneself「自己表現する」
 ✰ exert oneself「努力する」
 ✰ lay oneself「横になる」
 ✰ support oneself「自活する」
 ✰ excuse oneself「言い訳する」
 ✰ lose oneself「道に迷う」
 ✰ hurt oneself「けがをする」
 ✰ absent oneself「休む」
 ✰ flatter oneself「うぬぼれる」

◆ 慣用表現
<S V oneself+前置詞>
 ✰ help oneself to A「Aを自由にとって食べる」
 ✰ make yourself at home「くつろぐ」
 ✰ adjust[adapt]oneself to A「Aに順応する」
 ✰ avail oneself of A「Aを利用する」
 ✰ pride oneself on A「Aを自慢する」
 ✰ bring oneself to (do)「Aする気になる」
 ✰ assure[convince] oneself of A「Aを確信する」
 ✰ take care of oneself「体に気をつける」
 ✰ devote[apply]oneself to A「Aに専念する」
<前置詞+oneself>
 ✰ by oneself「一人で」
 ✰ for oneself「独力で」
 ✰ in itself「それ自体」
 ✰ between ourselves「ここだけの話だが」
 ✰ beside oneself with A「Aで我を忘れて」
 ✰ in spite of oneself「思わず」






⑵ The baby (   ) her mother.
  ① looks
  ② resemble to
  ③ looks after
  ④ resembles

resemble は他動詞。
lookは,look+形容詞, か look like 名詞。
look after A「Aの世話をする」
◆〈状態動詞〉(無意志動詞):原則として進行形不可
 ✰ belong「所属している」
 ✰ resemble「似ている」
 ✰ possess, own「所有している」
 ✰ contain「含んでいる」
 ✰ wear「着ている」
 ✰ exist「存在している」
 ✰ consist「成り立っている」
 ✰ have「持っている」
 ✰ remain「残っている」
【状態動詞】
 ✰ be asleep「眠っている」
 ✰ be awake「起きている」
 ✰ have a cold「風邪をひいている」
【動作動詞】
 ✰ all asleep「寝入る」
 ✰ wake up「目覚める」
 ✰ catch (a) cold「風邪をひく」
⑵正解 ④
「その赤ちゃんは母親に似ている」
The baby resembles her mother.
The baby takes after her mother.
The baby is the spitting image of her mother.
The baby bears a striking resemblance to her mother.
The baby mirrors her mother's appearance.
The baby echoes her mother's features.
The baby has her mother's likeness.







⑶ He apologized to her (   ) being late.
  ① on    
  ② to    
  ③ his    
  ④ for

apologize は自動詞で直接目的語を取らない。
his だと動名詞 being が目的語になり,
apologize が他動詞になるので不可。
〈apologize to 人 for A〉
「…のことで人に謝る」
for は〈理由〉
 ✰ S apologize (to A) for B
  「ヒトに事柄を詫びる」
 ✰ S apologize (to A) for doing
  「ヒトに~したことを詫びる」
× S apologize him for A
⑶ 正解 ④
「彼は彼女に遅刻したことを謝った」
He apologized to her for being late.
He expressed regret to her for being late.
He offered his apologies to her for being late.
He said sorry to her for being late.
He made amends to her for being late.
He acknowledged his tardiness to her.
He begged forgiveness from her for being late.









⑷ We (   ) the matter far into the night.
  ① discussed
  ② discussed about
  ③ discussed on
  ④ discussed over

 ✰ discuss=talk about
 ✰ leave=start from
 ✰ reach=arrive at/get to
 ✰ oppose=object to
 ✰ mention=refer to
⑷正解 ①
「私達はその問題を夜中まで話し合った」
We discussed the matter far into the night.
We deliberated the matter far into the night.
We debated the matter far into the night.
We conversed about the matter far into the night.
We pondered the matter far into the night.
We analyzed the matter far into the night.
We explored the matter far into the night.







⑸ The soup remained (   ) on the stove all day.
  ① to warm   
  ② warm   
  ③ warmth   
  ④ warmly

remain は状態を表す自動詞でSVCで用いる。
C になるのは名詞か形容詞なので副詞 ④ warmly は失格。
① to warm は〈remain to be done〉「まだ~していない」
の場合の除いて remain が to do を伴うことは無いので不可。
S V C の C が名詞の場合は厳密にS=C が成立するが
③ warmth「温かさ」≠soupから③を消去。
形容詞 warm が正解。
⑸ 正解 ②
「スープはストーブの上で一晩中温かかった」
The soup remained warm on the stove all day.
The soup stayed warm on the stove all day.
The soup retained its warmth on the stove all day.
The soup maintained its temperature on the stove all day.
The soup kept warm on the stove all day.
The soup stayed heated on the stove all day.
The soup remained hot on the stove all day.







⑹ (   ) does the orange taste?
  ① How    
  ② What    
  ③ When    
  ④ Who

taste は自動詞 SVC で「SはCの味がする」。
ここは C〈形容詞〉を問う文で How を使った①が正解。
When, Whatでは文が不成立。仮に名詞を聞く疑問文なら,
 What does this juice taste of?
⑹ 正解 ②
「そのオレンジはどんな味がしますか」
How does the orange taste?
How's the taste of the orange?
How does the orange flavor compare?
What's the flavor profile of the orange?
How does the orange taste to you?
What do you think of the orange's taste?
How would you describe the taste of the orange?







⑺ What he said (   ) out false.
  ① looked    
  ② seemed    
  ③ proved    
  ④ turned

[What he said ●](S) turned out(V) false(C) の骨格で
関係詞の what が名詞節主語を導いている構造。
後に out を伴う動詞は turn のみ。
turn out (to be) A は prove A とほぼ同義。
⑺ 正解 ④
「彼の言ったことは嘘だと分かった」
What he said turned out false.
What he stated proved to be untrue.
What he said turned out to be incorrect.
What he uttered was found to be false.
What he mentioned was ultimately untrue.
What he articulated was proven false.
What he voiced was later found to be false.







⑻ The shoelace has come (   ).
  ① bad    
  ② loose    
  ③ wrong    
  ④ wild

come true「実現する」
come はプラスイメージの変化。
一方でgo は go bad「腐る」go bankrupt「破産する」
など マイナスイメージになる。
これはそれぞれの原義,
『come=本来の状態になる;go=本来の状態から離れる』
に由来する。①③④はマイナスイメージの語で
comeと結びつかない。
shoelace (米: shoestring)「靴ひも」は結んでいない状態が
本来の姿だというイメージが英語の根底にある。
◆ go[(中心, 本来的状態から外へ)行く]
go about A「A(仕事など)に取りかかる」
go on with A「Aを続ける」
go on doing「(あいかわらず)~し続ける」
go on to (do)「次に続けて~する」
go into A「Aを詳しく調査する」
go through A「Aを経験する」
go out of one's way to (do)「わざわざ~する」
go so far as to (do)「~さえもする」
go in for A「Aに参加する・Aを好む・(趣味で)Aを始める」
go off「爆発する」(=explode)
◆ come [(外から中心, 本来的状態へ)来る]
come across A「Aに偶然出会う」
come near (to) doing 「あやうく~しそうになる」
come by A「Aを手に入れる」
come up with A「Aを考え出す」
come in「流行する」
come to「意識を取り戻す」
come up to A「(仕事などが期待)に添う」
⑻ 正解 ②
「靴の紐がゆるんできた」
The shoelace has come loose.
The shoelace has become untied.
The shoelace has come undone.
The shoelace is loose.
The shoelace is not tied.
The shoelace is dangling.
The shoelace needs to be tied again.










⑼ Suzy married (   ) last month.
  ① John    
  ② with John    
  ③ to John    
  ④ and John

marry は「人結婚する」の意の他動詞で with などの前置詞
を取らずに直接目的語を取ることに加え,次の書き換えが頻出。
S marries O. =S gets married to O.「SはOと結婚する」
S is married to O. だと状態を表すので「SはOと結婚している」
問題文はMarry and Johnを主語にして書き換えると,
 Marry and John got married last month.
⑼ 正解 ①
「スージーは先月ジョンと結婚した」
Suzy married John last month.
Suzy tied the knot with John last month.
Suzy wed John last month.
Suzy got married to John last month.
Suzy became John's wife last month.
Suzy and John got hitched last month.
Suzy became Mrs. John last month.








⑽ The two sisters closely resemble (   ).
  ① with each other  
  ② mutually  
  ③ to each other  
  ④ each other

resemble は他動詞なので直後に目的語を伴い,
with や to などの前置詞は不要。
ここは resemble の目的語となるべき(代)名詞が必要。
mutually「お互いに」は副詞であるため不可。
each other は代名詞なので目的語になれる。
なお動詞には次の2種類がある。
〈状態動詞〉(resemble, contain, wear)
〈動作動詞〉(run, play, put on)
 ☆ 状 態 動 詞 =〈無意思動詞〉
 ☆ 動 作 動 詞 =〈意思動詞〉
一般に無意思動詞は命令文にできない。
例えば次のように言えない。
 × Resemble your father.
  (父親に似なさい)
人間の意志でコントロールできない事柄の命令
はムリがあるので, ふつう命令文は不可。
★ふつう状態動詞として使われる動詞でも,
 意志動詞として命令文にすることがある。
 Be quiet. (静まれ) など。
★なお,実際の英文で状態と動作の対比は
 〈be+形容詞〉と〈get[become]+形容詞〉
 で明示されることが多い。
⑽ 正解 ④
「その姉妹二人はよく似ている」
The two sisters closely resemble each other.
The two sisters are very alike.
The two sisters are very similar.
The two sisters bear a strong resemblance to each other.
The two sisters closely resemble one another.
The two sisters are almost identical.
The two sisters share many similarities.








⑾ She gave some money (   ) the traveler.
  ① at    
  ② to    
  ③ of    
  ④ for

〈SVOO〉第4文型動詞としての giveだが,
O1とO2を入れかえた場合の前置詞は to〈帰着点〉。
動詞の後にN(名詞) が連続し,N1≠N2 の関係が成立している
構文をSVOO(第4文型)と言い,基本概念として
「O1にO2を与える」
の意味を根底に持つ。   
◆ V A B ➪ V B to A
 ✰ give, allow, offer(与える)
 ✰ hand, pass(手渡す)
 ✰ lend(貸す)
 ✰ owe(負う)
 ✰ pay(払う)
 ✰ promise(約束する)
 ✰ read(読んでやる)
 ✰ show(示す)
 ✰ teach(教える)
 ✰ tell(言う)
 ✰ write(書く)
 ✰ do(与える)
 ✰ wish(望む)
 ✰ deny(与えない)
◆ V A B ➪ V B for A
 ✰ buy(買う)
 ✰ cook(料理する)
 ✰ find(見つける)
 ✰ make(作る)
 ✰ sing(歌う)
 ✰ reach (とってあげる)
 ✰ spare(とっておく)
⑾ 正解 ②
「彼女はその旅人にお金をいくらかやった」
She gave some money to the traveler.
She donated some money to the traveler.
She contributed some money to the traveler.
She gave some money to the traveler in need.
She offered some money to the traveler.
She handed over some money to the traveler.
She provided some money to the traveler.








⑿ The new software program will (   ) us a lot of time and labor.
  ① give
  ② get
  ③ save
  ④ make

save A B「AからB(労力・時間・お金)を省く」
例外的に否定的意味の第4文型動詞があり、
 「AにBを与えない」
 「Aにマイナスを与える」
といった根底的意味を持つ。
◆ 否定的意味の第4文型動詞
✰ cost A B:AにB(費用)がかかる/AにB(犠牲)を払わせる
✰ deny A B:AにBを与えない
✰ envy A B:AのBをうらやむ
✰ save A B:AのB(労力・時間・お金)を省く
✰ spare A B:AのBを省く/AにBを割く
✰ owe A B:AにBを借りている/AにBを負っている
⑿ 正解 ③
「このソフトを使えば,私たちは多くの時間と労力を省けるだろう」
The new software program will save us a lot of time and labor.
The new software program will cut down on our time and labor significantly.
The new software program will greatly reduce our time and labor.
The new software program will decrease our time and labor substantially.
The new software program will minimize our time and labor.
The new software program will lessen our time and labor considerably.
The new software program will economize our time and labor.






⒀ The task (   ) them two weeks to accomplish.
  ① needed    
  ② required    
  ③ took    
  ④ cost

空所の後に意味の異なる(代)名詞が二つあることから
第4文型動詞が必要。
① need, ② require はいずれも「を必要とする」
の意味だがSVOO文型動詞ではないので消去。
④ costは第4文型動詞だが,普通は
「お金・犠牲がかかる」の意で
「時間がかかる」ときは take を用いる。
以上から③が正解。
◆『かかる』
 ✰ It takes〈人〉〈時間・労力〉to do
 ✰ It takes〈時間・労力〉for〈人〉to do
 ✰ S take〈人〉〈時間〉
 ✰ 〈モノ・コト〉takes〈人〉〈時間〉to do
 ✰ 〈人〉spend〈時間〉doing
 ✰ 〈人〉take〈時間〉to do
 ✰ To do[Doing] … takes〈人〉〈時間〉
 ✰ How long did it take〈人〉to do … ?
It took him three years to write the book.
It took three years for him to write the book.
Writing the book took him three years.
The book took him three years to write.
He spent three years writing the book.
To write the book took me three years.
彼はその本を3年間かけて書いた。
How long did it take him to write the book ?
その本を書くのに彼はどの位かかりましたか。
 ✰ It costs〈人〉金額 to do
 ✰ 〈人〉pay〈金額〉for doing
 ✰ 〈モノ・コト〉cost〈人〉〈金額〉
 ✰ How much did it cost to do … ?
 ✰ 〈モノ・コト〉 cost〈人〉〈犠牲〉
It cost me 1000yen to buy the book.
I paid 1000yen for buying the book.
The book cost me 1000yen.        
I bought the book for 1000yen.
その本は1000円した     
How much did it cost to buy the book ? 
その本はいくらでしたか
A moment’s hesitation may cost you your life.
一瞬のためらいで命を落とすことがある。
⒀ 正解 ③
「彼らはその仕事を終えるのに2週間かかった」
The task took them two weeks to accomplish.
The task consumed two weeks for them to complete.
It took them two weeks to accomplish the task.
The task required two weeks for them to finish.
They spent two weeks completing the task.
Two weeks were needed for them to finish the task.
It demanded two weeks for them to complete the task.



《アウトプット基本英文》


「彼女はベンチに腰を下ろした」

She sat down on the bench.
She perched on the bench.
She settled onto the bench.
She took a seat on the bench.
She rested on the bench.
She positioned herself on the bench.






「その赤ちゃんは母親に似ている」

The baby resembles her mother.
The baby takes after her mother.
The baby is the spitting image of her mother.
The baby bears a striking resemblance to her mother.
The baby mirrors her mother's appearance.
The baby echoes her mother's features.
The baby has her mother's likeness.







「彼は彼女に遅刻したことを謝った」

He apologized to her for being late.
He expressed regret to her for being late.
He offered his apologies to her for being late.
He said sorry to her for being late.
He made amends to her for being late.
He acknowledged his tardiness to her.
He begged forgiveness from her for being late.







「私達はその問題を夜中まで話し合った」

We discussed the matter far into the night.
We deliberated the matter far into the night.
We debated the matter far into the night.
We conversed about the matter far into the night.
We pondered the matter far into the night.
We analyzed the matter far into the night.
We explored the matter far into the night.







「スープはストーブの上で一晩中温かかった」

The soup remained warm on the stove all day.
The soup stayed warm on the stove all day.
The soup retained its warmth on the stove all day.
The soup maintained its temperature on the stove all day.
The soup kept warm on the stove all day.
The soup stayed heated on the stove all day.
The soup remained hot on the stove all day.







「そのオレンジはどんな味がしますか」

How does the orange taste?
How's the taste of the orange?
How does the orange flavor compare?
What's the flavor profile of the orange?
How does the orange taste to you?
What do you think of the orange's taste?
How would you describe the taste of the orange?







「彼の言ったことは嘘だと分かった」

What he said turned out false.
What he stated proved to be untrue.
What he said turned out to be incorrect.
What he uttered was found to be false.
What he mentioned was ultimately untrue.
What he articulated was proven false.
What he voiced was later found to be false.







「靴の紐がゆるんできた」

The shoelace has come loose.
The shoelace has become untied.
The shoelace has come undone.
The shoelace is loose.
The shoelace is not tied.
The shoelace is dangling.
The shoelace needs to be tied again.








「スージーは先月ジョンと結婚した」

Suzy married John last month.
Suzy tied the knot with John last month.
Suzy wed John last month.
Suzy got married to John last month.
Suzy became John's wife last month.
Suzy and John got hitched last month.
Suzy became Mrs. John last month.









「その姉妹二人はよく似ている」

The two sisters closely resemble each other.
The two sisters are very alike.
The two sisters are very similar.
The two sisters bear a strong resemblance to each other.
The two sisters closely resemble one another.
The two sisters are almost identical.
The two sisters share many similarities.









「彼女はその旅人にお金をいくらかやった」

She gave some money to the traveler.
She donated some money to the traveler.
She contributed some money to the traveler.
She gave some money to the traveler in need.
She offered some money to the traveler.
She handed over some money to the traveler.
She provided some money to the traveler.









「このソフトを使えば,私たちは多くの時間と労力を省けるだろう」

The new software program will save us a lot of time and labor.
The new software program will cut down on our time and labor significantly.
The new software program will greatly reduce our time and labor.
The new software program will decrease our time and labor substantially.
The new software program will minimize our time and labor.
The new software program will lessen our time and labor considerably.
The new software program will economize our time and labor.









「彼らはその仕事を終えるのに2週間かかった」

The task took them two weeks to accomplish.
The task consumed two weeks for them to complete.
It took them two weeks to accomplish the task.
The task required two weeks for them to finish.
They spent two weeks completing the task.
Two weeks were needed for them to finish the task.
It demanded two weeks for them to complete the task.


★無断転記、無断流用を禁じます。
 コラム内容の著作権は本記事作成者に帰属します。
今後も英語学習に関わる情報、体験談を発信していきます。

この記事を書いたプロ

TEX 二井原

英検1級取得者によるオンライン個別指導のプロ

TEX 二井原(英語パーソナルジム HIET(ヒート)/ High Intensity English Training)

Share

関連するコラム

  1. マイベストプロ TOP
  2. マイベストプロ神戸
  3. 兵庫の出産・子育て・教育
  4. 兵庫の大学受験・共通テスト(センター試験)
  5. TEX 二井原
  6. コラム一覧
  7. 英文法5分ドリル《 ゴールデン動詞フレーズ 》③

© My Best Pro