大学入試　★★ アウトプット英単語100 ★★

本記事は独学・国内学習による
英検1級保持者が書きました。


今回は、英単語学習において
僕が考える大切なことを書きます。
一般に高校生は学校指定の単語集を
1冊潰すことになります。
この単調過ぎる機械的暗記作業が
英語学習の条件を作ります。
と言っても僕自身、
単語集が本当に苦痛です。
先ず、この苦痛の原因を考えると、

① 暗記した知識がどうせ実戦に直結しない
② 面白くない
③ すぐ忘れて気持ちが負ける

ちなみに大学受験に際して、
僕は結局4冊の単語集を次々に挫折しました。
言い訳ではなく、暗記能力がかなり低いのです。
だからこそ創意工夫・試行錯誤が伴い、
ここに思考と知性が絡んできます。
自分らしい英語学習方法の確立は、
ある意味で「発明」だと思うのです。
今回の記事は、暗記能力が無いと思っている人
に読んでいただき、やる気を出して欲しいです。

言葉はアウトプットした時に身体に刻まれる

この原理に基づくだけで学習効率が上がります。
単語集を用いた通常の学習がインプットです。
そこで覚えた単語はどんどん忘れていきます。
そのため、アウトプットして脳というより身体に刻むのです。
アウトプットする際には、
感情・状況・意図・行動
をリアルな自分事としてビビットに意識します。
例えば、下の問題001では、

僕は関西人なのでこの日本語はリアルではありません。
よって、次のように変換します。

「さすがにこれは狭すぎやん。ワテら5人やで」

この瞬間に少なくとも僕にとって、言葉に魂が宿ります。
リアルな
感情・状況・意図・行動
が経験記憶として身体に刻まれます！

ところで、
人生で最初の記憶は普通3、4歳くらいでしょうか。
人間はその記憶を老人になっても覚えているそうです。
不思議な現象ですね。
そして、その人生最初の記憶は多くの場合、
感情・状況・意図・行動
と強く結びつけられているはずです。

別の視点ですが、
「アウトプット」は「インプット」よりも
脳に対する負荷が高くなります。
脳に対する適度なストレスが脳機能を活性させて
記憶の定着に繋がるように感じるのです。

この話は改めて記事にするつもりですが、
TOEICの試験会場では大げさではなくて皆
「金のフレーズ」を持ってますよね。
あの本は真骨頂は、
TOEIC の世界をそのまま抜き出したフレーズ
にあると思います。
注目すべき特徴は、おそらく日本初
「アウトプット型単語集」のコンセプトです。
TOEIC 受験者は1回約8000円の受験料を払って、
1冊3300円の公式問題集を複数揃えます。
連続受験するとなるとかなりの出費になりますね。
このような事情からもTOIC 受験者は
教材に関してシビアにそれぞれの
対策本の学習効果を判断すると思うのです。
「金フレ」の大ヒットは使用者の効果の
実感から生じた必然と考えます。
話を元に戻します。

単語学習ではアウトプットを取り入れよう！

MARCから早慶レベル大学入試問題を意識した問題です。
英検2級・準1級の対策にもなるでしょう。
TOEIC であれば600点を目指している人にピタッと合います。
感情・状況・意図・行動
を意識してアウトプットトレーニングしていきましょう！

アウトプット英単語100題！

日本語の意味に合うように空所に適語を一つずつ入れなさい。
001　

The house is much too small for five people to live in.
▸ much＋too＋形[副] 　語法的にvery, pretty, fairly, quite等はtoo＋形[副] を強調は不可
The house is much too cramped for five people to live in.
The house is far too tiny for five people to inhabit.


　002　

He is one of the greatest living musicians.
▸ living「生きている」　aliveにも同様の意味があるが，語法的に名詞修飾は不可
He is one of the most celebrated living musicians.
He is among the greatest living musicians.


　003　

I rushed to the station, but unfortunately, I missed the last train.
▸ miss Aは「Aがいなくて寂しく思う・Aを逃れる」の他に「Aに乗り遅れる」の意がある
I rushed to the station, but regrettably, I missed the final train.
I hurried to the station, but unfortunately, I missed the last train.


　004　

“Is your bag like Mariko’s?”
“Yes, they’re exactly alike.”
▸ alike「よく似て」sameはthe sameと冠詞が付くため不可。
"Is your bag like Mariko’s?"
"Yes, they’re strikingly similar."
"Is your bag similar to Mariko’s?"
"Yes, they’re strikingly alike."



　005　

A few years ago our room had little furniture in it.
▸ furniture「家具」〈不可算名詞〉　few furnitureは不可。
fewは〈可算名詞〉につく。
A few years ago our room had minimal furnishings in it.
A few years ago our room had scarce furniture in it.


　006　

A cousin is a son or daughter of an uncle or aunt.
▸ cousin「いとこ」, niece「姪」, nephew「甥」,
uncle「叔父」, aunt「叔母」


　007　

Man is the only animal capable of using his hands ingeniously.
▸ be capable of doing「…することができる」
Man is the only animal with the capability to use his hands ingeniously.
Man is the only animal with the ability to use his hands ingeniously.


　008　

“How was your weekend?”
“To tell you the truth, I was a little bored.”
▸ bored「退屈して ← 退屈させられて」
He is boring. だと「彼はつまらない奴だ」の意。
"How was your weekend?"
"To be honest, I was slightly bored."
"How was your weekend?"
"To be honest, I was somewhat bored."



　009　

She thought she was hurt, but that wasn’t really the case.
▸ the case「真実・実情」theを伴ってこの意味になることに注意。
She thought she was hurt, but that wasn’t the actual situation.
She thought she was injured, but that wasn’t really the case.



　010　

He could not help being satisfied with his lot.
▸ satisfied「満足して ← 満足させられて」
He could not help but be content with his current situation.
He could not help but be satisfied with his lot.



　011　

It took one and a half hours to go to Cambridge from London.
▸ one and a half をワンセットと考え一息で読む。
「1時間＋α」からhours 。 an hour and a half も同義。
It took one and a half hours to travel to Cambridge from London.
It took one and a half hours to get to Cambridge from London.



　012　

Apparently, Jeff is the very image of his father.
▸ image「生き写し・よく似た人物」　
the very image of A「Aにそっくり」
Apparently, Jeff is the spitting image of his father.
Apparently, Jeff looks exactly like his father.



　013　

My curtains go with this furniture.
▸ go with A「Aに似合う・調和する」(＝much A) ,
fit A「サイズが合う」, become A「Aに似合う」
My curtains complement this furniture.
My curtains go well with this furniture.
　

　014　

It’s the most amazing thing I have ever heard.
▸ the＋最上級＋名＋(that) S have ever done
「Sが今まで～した中で一番…」
It’s the most astonishing thing I have ever heard.
It’s the most astounding thing I have ever heard.



　015　

She doesn’t drink much coffee.
▸ much＋不可算名詞「たくさんの…」　
否定文中では「あまり…ない」の意。
She doesn't consume much coffee.
She doesn't drink a lot of coffee.


　016　

Reading literary criticism is very helpful to understanding literature.
▸ literary「文学の」, literal「文字どおりの」, literate「読み書きのできる」
Reading literary criticism is remarkably beneficial for understanding literature.
Reading literary criticism is extremely helpful for comprehending literature.



　017　

“Why does Mary wear so many clothes?”
“Because she is very sensitive to cold.”
▸ sensitive「敏感な」, sensible「分別のある」
"Why does Mary wear so many clothes?"
"Because she is highly sensitive to cold."
"Why does Mary wear so many clothes?"
"Because she is very sensitive to cold."



　018

His employer recommends him highly as a very industrious worker.
▸ industrious「勤勉な」, industrial「産業の」
His employer highly recommends him as a very diligent worker.
His employer strongly endorses him as a very hardworking employee.


　019　

During the summer vacation I made friends with many villagers.
▸ make friends with A「Aと友達になる」
During the summer vacation, I made friends with numerous villagers.
During the summer vacation, I made friends with plenty of villagers.



　020

“I’m afraid this painting is not by Picasso.” “It’s only a copy, so it’s worthless.”
▸ worthless「価値の無い」valuelessとほぼ同義。
反意は invaluable「非常に価値のある」(priceless)
"I’m afraid this painting is not by Picasso."
"It’s only a copy, so it’s rather worthless."
"I’m afraid this painting is not by Picasso."
"It’s only a copy, so it’s quite valueless."



　021　

My sister says that she had a dreadful dream last night.
▸ have a＋名詞 の形は他にhave a rest「休む」have a chat「おしゃべりをする」など
My sister says that she had a dreadful nightmare last night.
My sister says that she had a dreadful dream last night.



　022　

My uncle was sound [fast] asleep.
▸ sound asleep「ぐっすり眠って」
ここは sleeping deeply も正解。
My uncle was soundly asleep.
My uncle was fast asleep.



　023　

There were quite a few students absent from class today.
▸ quite a few＋複数名詞「かなりの数の…」
a good [great] many＋複数名詞
There were quite a few students missing from class today.
There were quite a few students absent from class today.



　024　

I’m afraid I’m not much of a musician.
▸ not much of a N「たいしたNではない」
I’m not much of a musician.
I’m not really a musician.



　025

The man lives on two thirds of his income.
▸ 分数表現は分子が基数，分母が序数，
分子が2以上の場合は分母を複数形
The man lives on two-thirds of his income.
The man lives on two-thirds of his earnings.



　026　

Ken didn’t give me much advice.
▸ advice「忠告」〈不可算名詞〉
anはつかないし，複数形にもならない
Ken didn’t provide me with much advice.
Ken didn’t give me much guidance.



　027　

“Is it expensive to take that examination?”
“The fee depends on how many subjects you take.”
▸ fee「受験・入場・入会料金」「専門職に対して支払う料金」
"Is it costly to take that examination?"
"The fee depends on how many subjects you choose."
"Is it expensive to take that examination?"
"The fee varies depending on the number of subjects you select."



　028　

Being an able lawyer, he has a lot of clients.
▸ client「（弁護士などへの）依頼人」
Being a diligent lawyer, he has a lot of clients.
Being an industrious lawyer, he has many clients.



　029　

The daughters took turns helping their mother cook.
▸ take turns (in/at) doing「交替で…する」
The daughters took turns assisting their mother in cooking.
The daughters took turns helping their mother cook.



　030　

The old man looked pleased with the boy’s performance.
▸ pleased「喜んで ← 喜ばされて」
　他動詞〈please 人〉は人が主語になると
〈人 is pleased〉のように用いる。
The old man appeared content with the boy’s performance.
The old man looked pleased with the boy’s performance.



　031　

I suspect that she leaked the secret.
▸ suspect that節≒think that節 / doubt that節≒don’t think that節
I suspect that she disclosed the secret.
I suspect that she leaked the secret.



　032　

Some people like to eat fish alive.
▸ alive「生きている」, lively「生き生きとした」
Some people like to eat fish while it's still alive.
Some people like to eat fish when it's alive.



　033　

The letter was short because there wasn’t much news.
▸　news「知らせ」は〈不可算名詞〉
The letter was short because there wasn't much news.
The letter was short because there was little news.



　034　

This town has a large population.
▸ large, smallは
population, number, amount, sum, salary, crowd
などの場合に用いる
This town has a large population.
This town has a sizable population.



　035　

We got a lot of information from the teacher.
▸ information「情報」〈不可算名詞〉
a lot of は可算名詞・不可算名詞いずれもも可
We obtained a lot of information from the teacher.
We acquired plenty of information from the teacher.


　036　

I had to send back the jacket because it did not fit me.
▸ fit A「サイズがAに合う」
I had to return the jacket because it didn't fit me.
I had to send back the jacket because it didn't match my size.



　037　

Don’t forget to give my best regards to your parents.
▸ give my (best) regards to A「Aに宜しく伝える」
(＝say hello to A, remember me to A)
Don’t forget to pass on my best regards to your parents.
Don’t forget to convey my best wishes to your parents.



　038　

There are over fifty students in the class, and they are mostly girls.
▸ mostlyは名詞の前後に置いて「主に」の意を表す。
There are over fifty students in the class, and they are predominantly girls.
There are over fifty students in the class, and they are mainly girls.



　039　

Harry always arrives on time.　He’s so punctual.
▸ punctual「時間厳守の」
strictは「規則などにたいして厳格な，厳しい」
Harry always arrives on time. He’s quite punctual.
Harry always arrives on time. He’s very punctual.



　040　

The final game made me so excited that I could not remain seated.
▸ excited「わくわくして ← 興奮させられて」
The final game got me so excited that I couldn’t stay seated.
The final game made me so thrilled that I couldn't remain seated.



　041　

He has a good [great] deal of free time, which he usually spends fishing.
▸ a good deal of A(不可算名詞)「たくさんのA」
He has a good deal of free time, most of which he devotes to fishing.
He has a great deal of free time, much of which he spends fishing.



　042　

042　 Move to the back of the bus and make room for others.
▸ make room for A「Aに席を譲る，場所を空ける」
「余地・スペース」の意を表す room は〈不可算〉
Move to the rear of the bus and make space for others.
Move to the back of the bus and make room for others.



　043　

Yesterday morning, I almost [nearly] missed the bus.
▸ almost[nearly]「ほとんど…」「危うく…するところ」
Yesterday morning, I almost missed the bus.
Yesterday morning, I nearly missed the bus.



　044　

The movie was very boring , so I stopped watching it.
▸ boring「退屈な ← 人を退屈にさせるような」
通例、感情誘発動詞は人を目的語に取る〈他〉
"The movie was very dull, so I stopped watching it."
"The movie was dreadfully boring, so I quit watching it."
"The movie was really boring, so I stopped watching it."
"The movie was incredibly uninteresting, so I quit watching it."



　045　

“The students all went to the movie yesterday evening.” “I heard it was really amusing.”
▸ amusing「面白い ← 人を楽しくさせるような」
"The students all went to the movie yesterday evening."
"I heard it was truly amusing."
"The students all went to the movie yesterday evening."
"I heard it was really entertaining."



　046　

“Bob is depressed because he’s lost some money.”
“Oh, I saw he was in low spirits but I didn’t know the reason.”
▸ be in low[bad, poor] spirits「機嫌が悪い」
"Bob is down because he’s lost some money."
"Oh, I saw he was feeling low but I didn’t know the reason."
"Bob is depressed because he’s lost some money."
"Oh, I saw he was in low spirits but I didn’t know the reason."


　047　

There are scarcely any flowers in our garden.
▸ scarcely[hardly] any＋A「ほとんどAがない」
There are scarcely any flowers in our garden.
There are barely any flowers in our garden.



　048　

She strikes me as a very efficient secretary.
▸ strike「…に印象を与える」
言い換えると，
It seems to me that she is a very efficient secretary.
She impresses me as a very efficient secretary.
She strikes me as a highly efficient secretary.



　049

We seldom [rarely] go to the movies, only once or twice a year.
▸ seldom[rarely]「めったに…ない」
We rarely go to the movies, only once or twice a year.
We seldom go to the movies, only once or twice a year.



　050　

One thousand dollars will cover all your expenses for the trip.
▸ cover A「A(費用など)をまかなう」
One thousand dollars will cover all your expenses for the trip.
One thousand dollars will pay for all your expenses for the trip.


　051　

His salary is too low to support his family.
▸ lowには「給料が安い」の意がある
cheapは「品物などが安い」の意
His salary is too low to sustain his family.
His salary is too low to provide for his family.



　052　

Not [Quite] a few people attended the wedding ceremony.
▸ not a few＋複数名詞「かなりの数の」
Not quite a few people attended the wedding ceremony.
Not a few people attended the wedding ceremony.



　053

Japanese people hardly [scarcely] ever go on a trip alone.
▸ hardly[scarcely] ever「めったに…ない」〈程度〉
seldom[rarely]〈頻度〉
Japanese people hardly ever go on a trip alone.
Japanese people scarcely ever go on a trip alone.



　054

“Can you lend me some money?”
“Of course, how much do you need?”
▸ lend A B「AにBを貸す」
hireは基本的に人を雇う場合に用いる
"Can you lend me some cash?"
"Of course, how much do you need?"
"Can you lend me some money?"
"Of course, how much do you need?"



　055

“Can you tell me where the Red Cross Hospital is?”
“I'm sorry but I’m a stranger here.”
▸ strangerは「見知らぬ人」の他に
「(場所に)不案内な人」の意がある
"Can you tell me where the Red Cross Hospital is?"
"I'm sorry but I’m a stranger here."
"Can you tell me where the Red Cross Hospital is?"
"I'm sorry but I’m not from around here."



　056　

It’s not my fault if the party is cancelled.
▸ A’s fault「Aの責任」
It’s not my responsibility if the party is canceled.
It’s not my fault if the party is called off.



　057　

You had better consult a doctor about your health.
▸ consult a doctor「医者に診察してもらう」
see a doctorも同義
You had better consult a doctor about your health.
You had better see a doctor about your health.



　058　

One day, everybody will be able to travel where they want.
▸ be able to do「…することができる」
通例〈人〉を主語にとる
One day, everybody will have the ability to travel where they want.
One day, everybody will have the opportunity to travel where they want.



　059　

He trained the dog to look after his flock of sheep.
▸ flock「鳥や羊の群れ」
He trained the dog to take care of his flock of sheep.
He trained the dog to guard his flock of sheep.



　060　

Bill is in the habit of drinking milk with all his meals.
▸ habit「個人的な習慣」 custom「社会的習慣」
Bill is accustomed to drinking milk with all his meals.
Bill is in the habit of consuming milk with all his meals.



　061　

You’ve done a great job raising your kids.
▸ do a great[good] job「うまくやってのける」
You’ve done a fantastic job raising your kids.
You’ve done an excellent job raising your kids.



　062　

He is a considerate father.
▸ considerate「思いやりのある」
thoughtfulも同義
He is a thoughtful father.
He is a considerate father.



　063　

Since then I have come to know him very well.
▸ come to do「…するようになる」
Since then I have come to understand him very well.
Since then I have come to know him very well.



　064　

What’s the fare on the buses in this city?
▸ fare「運賃」
What’s the fare for the buses in this city?
What’s the price for the buses in this city?



　065

There is plenty of room for improvement in his work.
▸ There is room for A「Aの余地がある」
There is plenty of space for improvement in his work.
There is ample room for improvement in his work.



　066　

What did the car look like?　Can you draw a picture of it?
▸ draw a picture「絵を描く」
writeは「文字で書く」だから不可
What did the car resemble? Can you draw a picture of it?
What did the car look like? Can you sketch a picture of it?



　067　

Try to forget it; it isn’t worth worrying about.
▸ A is worth doing「Aは…する価値がある」
Try to forget it; it isn’t worth fretting about.
Try to forget it; it isn’t worth worrying about.



　068　

He had a dream of becoming a politician even though he didn't know how to realize it.
▸ realize A「Aを実現する」
He had a dream of being a politician even though he didn't know how to achieve it.
He had a dream of becoming a politician even though he didn't know how to make it happen.



　069　

I thought I had seen the man a week before.
▸ before〈過去完了時制〉, ago〈過去時制〉
I thought I had met the man a week ago.
I thought I had encountered the man a week before.



　070　

She took pains to get it absolutely perfect.
▸ take pains「苦労する」
pains〈複数形〉で「苦労」の意を表す
She took great pains to make it absolutely perfect.
She took great effort to make it absolutely perfect.



　071　

She didn’t want to help John.　
She had not been on good terms with him.
▸ be on … term with A「Aとは…の間柄である」
She didn't want to help John.
She didn't want to assist John.



　072　

Excuse me, I’d like to borrow these two books.　
How long can I keep them?
▸ borrow A「Aを無料で借りる」




　073　

The eighteenth century saw Germany’s recovery from the wounds of the Thirty Years’ War.
▸ see A「(時代が)Aを目撃する」
The eighteenth century observed Germany's revival from the effects of the Thirty Years’ War.
The eighteenth century witnessed Germany's recovery from the effects of the Thirty Years’ War.



　074　

Somebody broke into the safe last night.
▸ safeは名詞として「金庫」の意を表す
Somebody broke into the strongbox last night.
Somebody broke into the safe last night.



　075　

It’s fortunate that you have such a good friend.
▸ It is fortunate that節「幸いなことに…である」
It's lucky that you have such a dependable friend.
It's fortunate that you have such a reliable friend.



　076　

I’d like you to bring back the drama program.　
Connie, the school is badly in need of a drama program.
▸ badlyはwant, need, in need of Aなどを強調して
「とても」の意を表す
I'd like you to bring back the drama program. Connie, the school is badly in need of a drama program.
I'd like you to revive the drama program. Connie, the school is in dire need of a drama program.



　077　

The new stadium is very big.　
It has a seating capacity of about 80,000.
▸ capacity「(部屋・建物・乗り物などの)収容能力」
The new stadium is extremely roomy. It has a seating capacity of approximately 80,000.
The new stadium is very spacious. It has a seating capacity of about 80,000.



　078　

Will you lend me some money?
▸ some＋不可算名詞「多少の…」
▸ the wrong A「違うA，間違ったA」
Will you lend me some money?
Will you lend me some cash?



　079　

“Hello.　This is Jane Smith.　Could I speak to Mr. Brown?”
“I’m afraid you have the wrong number.　This is Mars University.”
▸ the wrong A「違うA，間違ったA」
"I’m afraid you have the incorrect number. This is Mars University."
"I’m sorry, but you've dialed the wrong number. This is Mars University."



　080　

I made an appointment to see the dentist at three o’clock.
▸ appointment「医者・美容院などの予約」
reservationは「ホテルなどの予約」だから不可
Send me a message as soon as you arrive there.
Send me a message as soon as you get there.



　081　

“What are you planning to do when the tests are over?”
“I’m going to go home.”
▸ go homeのhomeは副詞で「家へ」の意
"I’m going to return home."
"I’m going to go home."



　082　

“Can you tell me how to use this machine?”
“I’m sorry, I have no idea.”
▸ have no idea＝don’t have any idea「分からない」
"Can you tell me how to use this machine?"
"I’m sorry, I have no clue."
"Can you tell me how to use this machine?"
"I’m sorry, I have no idea."



　083　

The player felt pretty weak after finishing the game.
▸ pretty〈副〉形容詞の直前で「かなり」の意を表す
The player felt rather weak after finishing the game.
The player felt quite feeble after finishing the game.



　084　

The late Mr. Johnson was a really considerate person.　If anyone got sick, he was the first to visit and offer help.
▸ the late A「亡くなったA・故A」
The deceased Mr. Johnson was a really caring person. If anyone fell ill, he was the first to visit and offer help.
The late Mr. Johnson was a truly compassionate person. If anyone fell ill, he was the first to visit and offer help.



　085　

We must go early; otherwise we won’t get good seats.
▸ otherwise「さもなければ」
We must leave early; otherwise, we won’t get good seats.
We must depart early; otherwise, we won't secure good seats.



　086　

Your children should be more respectful toward their teachers.
▸ respectful「礼儀正しい」
Your children should be more polite to their teachers.
Your children should be more respectful to their teachers.



　087　

I was deeply disappointed with myself after losing the race.
▸ disappointed「失望して ← 失望させられて」
I was really disappointed in myself after losing the race.
I was truly disappointed in myself after losing the race.



　088　

That old woman was barely literate but was a highly competent storyteller.
▸ literate「読み書きのできる」
As I had a stomachache, I hardly [scarcely] ate anything yesterday.
▸ hardly[scarcely]「ほとんど…ない」〈程度〉
That old woman was hardly literate but was a highly skilled storyteller.
That old woman was barely literate but was a highly skilled storyteller.



　089　

Drop me a line as soon as you get there.
▸ drop A a line「Aに一筆書く」
As I had a stomachache, I hardly ate anything yesterday.
As I had a stomachache, I scarcely ate anything yesterday.



　 090　

Drop me a line as soon as you get there.
▸ drop A a line「Aに一筆書く」
Send me a message as soon as you arrive there.
Drop me a line as soon as you arrive there.



　091　

It is worth while to visit London.
▸ worth while to do「…する価値がある」書き換えると, London is worth visiting.
It's worth visiting London.
It's worthwhile to visit London.



　092　

During this period the foundation was laid for many Japanese traditions.
▸ 〈他動〉raise ― raised ― raised ― raising
During this period, the foundation was established for many Japanese traditions.
During this period, the foundation was laid for many Japanese traditions.



　093

Ellen told me that she had lost her purse.
▸ tell A that節「Aに…を言う」
Ellen informed me that she had lost her purse.
Ellen told me that she had misplaced her purse.



　094　

I would not say anything if I were you.
▸ say A「Aを言う」
sayは基本的に〈他動〉目的語には〈人〉が来ない
I would not say anything if I were you.
I wouldn't say a word if I were you.



　095　

When Henry is angry, the expression on his face reminds me of his grandfather.
▸ remind A of B「AにBのことを思い出させる」
recall, recollect, rememberは通例Sが〈人〉になる
When Henry is angry, the expression on his face brings to mind his grandfather.
When Henry is angry, the expression on his face reminds me of his grandfather.



　096　

I explained to him that he would have to wait a little longer for the bus.
▸ explain A to B「AのことをBに説明する」
Aが長い場合，よく後方へ移動する
I explained to him that he would have to wait a little longer for the bus.
I told him that he would have to wait a little longer for the bus.



　097　

She sent me a telegram saying that her father was in serious condition.
▸ S say that節「Sには…だと書いてある」
She sent me a message stating that her father was in a serious condition.
She sent me a message saying that her father was in a serious condition.



　098　

We talked about air pollution.
▸ talk about A「Aについて話す」(＝discuss A)
talk, speakは基本的に〈自動〉で用いる
We talked about air pollution.
We discussed air pollution.



　099　

The dictionary was lying on the bookshelf.
▸〈自動〉lie「横たわる」の現在分詞はlying
layingは〈他動〉「…を横たえる」だから不可
The dictionary was lying on the bookshelf.
The dictionary was resting on the bookshelf.



　100　

I heard somebody tell my mother about the accident, and I noticed that the news upset her.
▸ say, tellは基本的に〈他動〉だが
sayは目的語に〈人〉を取らないので不可
I heard somebody tell my mother about the accident, and I observed that the news upset her.
I heard somebody inform my mother about the accident, and I noticed that the news upset her.


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