マイベストプロ神戸
TEX 二井原

英検1級取得者によるオンライン個別指導のプロ

TEX 二井原(てっくすにいはら) / 英語講師

英語パーソナルジム HIET(ヒート)/ High Intensity English Training

コラム

英文法5分ドリル【名詞】②

2024年1月16日 公開 / 2024年1月17日更新

テーマ:大学入試・TOEIC・英検

コラムカテゴリ:スクール・習い事


本記事は独学・国内学習による
英検1級保持者が書きました。



I would like to make (    ) with someone from another country.
  ① friend
  ② friends
  ③ a friend
  ④ friendly

“友達を作る”という状況は2人(以上)の人が必要なので
<make friends with> 
と複数形で表現する。
正解:② 
「海外出身の人と友達になりたい」
I would like to make friends with someone from another country.
I'm interested in befriending someone from a different country.
I'm keen on making friends with someone from another nation.
I'd love to connect with someone from a foreign country.
I'm looking to establish friendships with people from other countries.






I have a lot of (    ) in San Francisco.
  ① brother-in-law
  ② brothers-in-law
  ③ brother-in-laws
  ④ brothers-in-laws

in-law は「義理の親(兄弟)」を表す語で,
複数形は brother に s をつけて
brothers-in-law
とする。
《複合名詞》
(いくつかの単語が合成された語)
は普通,語の中心となるほう (名詞的要素)
を複数形にする。
 ・fountain pens:万年筆
 ・college students:大学
 ・passers - by:通行人
口語では最後の語を複数にする傾向があるが、
英作文では無難であるとは言えないだろう。
◆《複合名詞》の複数形
⑴ 主要語を複数形にする語:
『義母』
 mother-in-law
 ▸ mothers-in-law
『通行人』
 passer-by
 ▸ passers-by
『見物人』
 looker-on
 ▸ lookers-on
⑵ 性別を表示する語が付いた複合語:
『女医』
 a woman doctor
 ▸ women doctors
『男の雇い人』
 a man servant
 ▸ men servants
複合名詞の中に man や woman がある場合,
どちらも複数形になる。
 woman astronaut
 ▸ women astronauts
正解:②
「私はサンフランシスコに多くの義理の兄弟がいる」
I have a lot of brothers-in-law in San Francisco.
I have numerous brothers-in-law residing in San Francisco.
I have a plethora of brothers-in-law in San Francisco.
There's quite a number of my brothers-in-law based in San Francisco.
My San Francisco connections include many brothers-in-law.






A: How much of your report have you written?
B: I've finished almost (    ) of it.
  ① second third
  ② two third
  ③ two thirds
  ④ two three

分数の表し方は
〔分子〕=普通の数
〔分母〕=序数詞
・one-fifth「5分の1」 
・2分の1=a half
・4分の1=a quarter
◆ 《数詞》
〔分数〕
 ☆ 1/4=one(-)quarter[fourth] 
 ☆ 2/3=two(-)thirds
〔基数〕
1  ,000,  000,  000, 000
trillion  billion   million   thousand
(一兆)(十億)  (百万)  (千)
〔大学生〕
 ☆ freshman(1年)
 ☆ sophomore(2年)
 ☆ junior(3年)
 ☆ senior(4年)
〔意外な数〕
 ☆ decade「10年」
 ☆ score「20」
 ☆ fortnight「2週間」
〔年号〕
 ☆ 1997=nineteen ninety-seven     
 ☆ 1802=eighteen (hundred and) two
 ☆ 2000=(the year) two thousand
      twenty hundred
正解:③
「どれくらいレポート書けましたか」「約3分の2は完成しました」
A: How much of your report have you written?
A: What portion of your report have you completed?
A: How far along are you with your report?
A: How much progress have you made on your report?
A: What's the extent of your report that's been written?
B: I've finished almost wo thirds of it.
B: I've completed around two-thirds of it.
B: I've wrapped up most of it, about two-thirds.
B: I've got about two-thirds of the report done.



We are going to have lunch at (    ).
  ① Macdonald
  ② Macdonald's
  ③ the Macdonald
  ④ the Macdonald's

-'s の後に
office, home, house, store, hotel
など建物,場所などを示す語が来ると
所有格の後の名詞が省略されることがある。
ファミリーレストランの
Denny's「デニーズ」
もこの例。
 ☆ I’m going to stay at my uncle’s (house).
 ☆ Let’s go to McDonald’s (restaurant).
正解:②
「マクドナルドでランチを取ります」
We are going to have lunch at Macdonald's.
We plan to grab lunch at Macdonald's.
We're intending to have our lunch at Macdonald's.
Our lunch spot of choice is Macdonald's.
Macdonald's is where we'll be having lunch.








It's only five (    ) walk from here to the station.
  ① minute
  ② minutes
  ③ minute's
  ④ minutes'

時間/距離/金額 の単位+-'s
 ☆ today’s paper
 ☆ last week’s baseball game
 ☆ a thousand dollars’ worth
minutes の所有格は,
minute’sではなくminutes’ と表す。
「5分の歩行」は
five minutes’ walk
とするか
a five-minute walk
正解:④
「ここから駅まで歩いてわずか5分です」
It's only five minutes' walk from here to the station.
It's a short five-minute walk from here to the station.
The station is just a five-minute stroll away from here.
It takes only five minutes to walk to the station from here.
It's a quick five-minute jaunt to the station from here.







There were three (   ) of shoes by the door.
  ① pieces
  ② pairs
  ③ slices
  ④ glasses

対になっている衣類,器具を数える場合には
a pair of を用いる。
ここでは pairs と複数形なっている点に注目。
「一足の靴」は普通
a pair of shoes
と表現する。以下類例。
 ☆ gloves「手袋」
 ☆ trousers, pants「ズボン」
 ☆ shoes「くつ」
 ☆ glasses「めがね」
 ☆ scissors「はさみ」
 ☆ clothes「着物」
 ☆ chopsticks「はし」
正解:②
「窓のドアに3組の靴がある」
There were three pairs of shoes by the door.
There were three sets of shoes near the door.
Three pairs of shoes were placed by the door.
By the door, there lay three pairs of shoes.
I noticed three pairs of shoes positioned near the door.








This isn't my jacket,it's my (    ).
  ① mother-in-law
  ② mother's-in-law
  ③ mother-in-law's
  ④ father's-in-laws

複合名詞やこれに準ずる語の所有格は
最後にアポストロフィをつける
 ☆ my sister-in-law’s son
  (私の義姉の息子) 
 ☆ someone else’s shoes
  (誰かほかの人の靴)
正解:③
「これは私のジャケットではない,私の義理の母のものです」
This isn't my jacket,it's my mother-in-law's.
This jacket belongs to my mother-in-law, not me.
It's my mother-in-law's jacket, not mine.
This jacket isn't mine; it belongs to my mother-in-law.
My mother-in-law owns this jacket, not me.









He is a man of (    ).
  ① a bad manner
  ② bad manners
  ③ bad manner
  ④ a bad manners

⑴ manners「行儀」
⑵ manner「方法」(=way)
以下、頻出するもの。
 ☆ arm 腕
 ☆ arms 武器
 ☆ content 満足  
 ☆ contents 中身
 ☆ custom 習慣 
 ☆ customs 関税
 ☆ good 利益 
 ☆ goods 品物
 ☆ manner 方法 
 ☆ manners 作法
 ☆ pain 痛み 
 ☆ pains 苦労
 ☆ time 時間 
 ☆ times 時代,時勢
 ☆ wood 木材 
 ☆ woods 森
正解:②
「彼は行儀が悪い」
He is a man of bad manners.
He lacks good manners.
He is characterized by his rude behavior.
His behavior reflects a lack of manners.
He's known for being impolite.







I (    ) with Johnson and left the room.
  ① shake a hand
  ② shake hands
  ③ shook a hand
  ④ shook hands

<shake hands with〈人〉>
「〈人〉と握手をする」
握手するには相手が必要だから複数形。
2者を前提とする表現は複数形で表す。
☆ be on ~ terms with〈人〉
 「〈人〉と ~ の間柄である」
☆ take turns (at/in) doing
 「交代で ~ する」
☆ change seats with〈人〉
 「〈人〉と席を替わる」
☆ make[be]friends with〈人〉
 「〈人〉と仲良くなる[仲がよい]」
正解:④
「私はジョンソンと握手して部屋を出た」
I shook hands with Johnson and left the room.
I greeted Johnson with a handshake before leaving the room.
After shaking hands with Johnson, I exited the room.
I said goodbye to Johnson after our handshake and left the room.
A handshake with Johnson preceded my departure from the room.


<参考> 『私の友達 … 』
 (a) my friend
 (b) one of my friends
 (c) a friend of mine
(a)だと「私の1人しかいない友達」
または文脈上どの友達か分かる場合,
つまり「特定の友達」の意。
次の意味の相違にも注意
☆Mike’s and Joe’s bicycle(s)
 (マイクとジョーの自転車)
☆Mike and Joe’s bicycle
 (マイクとジョーの共有の自転車)
ただし,口語では誤解が生じない場面では
(A)の意味で(B)の表現が用いられる。




A computer is essentially an effective means of processing (    ).
  ① informations
  ② an information
  ③ information
  ④ any informations

information は《不可算名詞》
不可算名詞に an が付いたり
-s が付いたりすることはない。
正解:③
「コンピューターは情報処理するのに基本的に効果的な手段である」
A computer is essentially an effective means of processing information.
A computer is primarily used for efficient information processing.
The main function of a computer is to process information effectively.
Computers are fundamentally designed for efficient information handling.
The primary purpose of a computer is to process information efficiently.



An electric toothbrush cleans your teeth better than an ordinary one, but it uses (    ).
  ① more energies
  ② many energies
  ③ more energy
  ④ no energy

energy:
「エネルギー」の意味では《不可算名詞》
次の energy は「活動力」の意。
 He devoted all his energies to the election.
 「彼は選挙に全精力を集中した」
正解:③
「電動歯ブラシは普通のものよりもよく磨くことができる,しかしより多くの電気を使う」
An electric toothbrush cleans your teeth better than an ordinary one, but it uses more energy.
An electric toothbrush provides superior teeth cleaning but consumes more energy than a regular one.
Compared to a regular toothbrush, an electric one offers better teeth cleaning but uses more energy.
While an electric toothbrush cleans better, it also consumes more energy than a standard toothbrush.
The trade-off with an electric toothbrush is better cleaning at the cost of higher energy usage.







Though he is rich, he does not have (    ) furniture.
  ① many
  ② quite a few
  ③ much
  ④ a large

furniture「家具類」〔不可算名詞〕 
集合名詞は量的に扱う。
× There are many furnitures in this room.
○ There are many pieces of furniture in this room.
○ There is much (a lot of ) furniture in this room.
正解:③
「金持ちではあるが,彼はあまり家具を持っていない」
Though he is rich, he does not have much furniture.
Despite his wealth, he has minimal furniture.
Despite being wealthy, he owns very little furniture.
His wealth doesn't translate into a substantial amount of furniture.
Despite his riches, he lives with minimal furniture.







He gave me (    ) on what I should do in the case of an accident.
  ① a few advices
  ② an advice
  ③ some advice
  ④ much advise

advice は《不可算名詞》なので
an advice と言わない。
a piece of や pieces of をつけて表現する。
 × many advice
 ○ many pieces of advice
 〇 much advice
④ advise は動詞なので不可。
正解:③
「彼は事故の時に何をするべきかに関していくつかのアドバイスを私にしてくれた」
He gave me some advice on what I should do in the case of an accident.
He gave me advice on what steps to take in case of an accident.
He provided guidance on actions to take in the event of an accident.
His advice revolved around what I should do if an accident occurs.
He offered suggestions on handling situations involving accidents.



【音読基本英文】



「海外出身の人と友達になりたい」

I would like to make friends with someone from another country.
I'm interested in befriending someone from a different country.
I'm keen on making friends with someone from another nation.
I'd love to connect with someone from a foreign country.
I'm looking to establish friendships with people from other countries.







「私はサンフランシスコに多くの義理の兄弟がいる」

I have a lot of brothers-in-law in San Francisco.
I have numerous brothers-in-law residing in San Francisco.
I have a plethora of brothers-in-law in San Francisco.
There's quite a number of my brothers-in-law based in San Francisco.
My San Francisco connections include many brothers-in-law.







「どれくらいレポート書けましたか」「約3分の2は完成しました」

A: How much of your report have you written?
A: What portion of your report have you completed?
A: How far along are you with your report?
A: How much progress have you made on your report?
A: What's the extent of your report that's been written?
B: I've finished almost wo thirds of it.
B: I've completed around two-thirds of it.
B: I've wrapped up most of it, about two-thirds.
B: I've got about two-thirds of the report done.







「マクドナルドでランチを取ります」

We are going to have lunch at Macdonald's.
We plan to grab lunch at Macdonald's.
We're intending to have our lunch at Macdonald's.
Our lunch spot of choice is Macdonald's.
Macdonald's is where we'll be having lunch.








「ここから駅まで歩いてわずか5分です」

It's only five minutes' walk from here to the station.
It's a short five-minute walk from here to the station.
The station is just a five-minute stroll away from here.
It takes only five minutes to walk to the station from here.
It's a quick five-minute jaunt to the station from here.







「窓のドアに3組の靴がある」

There were three pairs of shoes by the door.
There were three sets of shoes near the door.
Three pairs of shoes were placed by the door.
By the door, there lay three pairs of shoes.
I noticed three pairs of shoes positioned near the door.







「これは私のジャケットではない,私の義理の母のものです」

This isn't my jacket,it's my mother-in-law's.
This jacket belongs to my mother-in-law, not me.
It's my mother-in-law's jacket, not mine.
This jacket isn't mine; it belongs to my mother-in-law.
My mother-in-law owns this jacket, not me.







「彼は行儀が悪い」

He is a man of bad manners.
He lacks good manners.
He is characterized by his rude behavior.
His behavior reflects a lack of manners.
He's known for being impolite.







「私はジョンソンと握手して部屋を出た」

I shook hands with Johnson and left the room.
I greeted Johnson with a handshake before leaving the room.
After shaking hands with Johnson, I exited the room.
I said goodbye to Johnson after our handshake and left the room.
A handshake with Johnson preceded my departure from the room.







「コンピューターは情報処理するのに基本的に効果的な手段である」

A computer is essentially an effective means of processing information.
A computer is primarily used for efficient information processing.
The main function of a computer is to process information effectively.
Computers are fundamentally designed for efficient information handling.
The primary purpose of a computer is to process information efficiently.








「電動歯ブラシは普通のものよりもよく磨くことができる,しかしより多くの電気を使う」

An electric toothbrush cleans your teeth better than an ordinary one, but it uses more energy.
An electric toothbrush provides superior teeth cleaning but consumes more energy than a regular one.
Compared to a regular toothbrush, an electric one offers better teeth cleaning but uses more energy.
While an electric toothbrush cleans better, it also consumes more energy than a standard toothbrush.
The trade-off with an electric toothbrush is better cleaning at the cost of higher energy usage.









「金持ちではあるが,彼はあまり家具を持っていない」

Though he is rich, he does not have much furniture.
Despite his wealth, he has minimal furniture.
Despite being wealthy, he owns very little furniture.
His wealth doesn't translate into a substantial amount of furniture.
Despite his riches, he lives with minimal furniture.








「彼は事故の時に何をするべきかに関していくつかのアドバイスを私にしてくれた」

He gave me some advice on what I should do in the case of an accident.
He gave me advice on what steps to take in case of an accident.
He provided guidance on actions to take in the event of an accident.
His advice revolved around what I should do if an accident occurs.
He offered suggestions on handling situations involving accidents.


要点整理【名詞&冠詞】

1 ◆ 可算名詞 ⇔ 不可算名詞
         
[C]〈可算名詞〉  
  複数形 ○
  a(n)  ○
[U]〈不可算名詞〉
  複数形 ×
  a(n)  ×

◆ 日本語の感覚と異なる不可算名詞
 ☆ advice
 ☆ baggage
 ☆ luggage
 ☆ furniture
 ☆ homework
 ☆ housework
 ☆ information
 ☆ machinery
 ☆ poetry
 ☆ news
 ☆ scenery
 ☆ damage
 ☆ progress
 ☆ traffic
 ☆ weather

◆ many / much / few / little

many「たくさんの」
 ①〈可算名詞〉「数」
 ② 複数形名詞につく
much「たくさんの」
 ①〈不可算名詞〉「量・程度」
 ② 単数形名詞につく

few「ほとんど〜ない」
 ①〈可算名詞〉「数」
 ② 複数形名詞につく
little「ほとんど~ない」
 ①〈不可算名詞〉「量・程度」
 ② 単数形名詞につく

a few「少しの」(肯定的)
 ①〈可算名詞〉「数」
 ② 複数形名詞につく
a little「少しの」
 ①〈不可算名詞〉「量・程度」
 ② 単数形名詞につく

not a few/quite a few「少なからぬ」
 ①〈可算名詞〉「数」
 ② 複数形名詞につく
not a little/quite a little「少なからぬ」
 ①〈不可算名詞〉「量・程度」
 ② 単数形名詞につく

2 注意すべき不可算名詞
◆ 可算・不可算で意味の異なる名詞
work:
〈不可算名詞〉仕事
〈可算名詞〉 作品
paper:
〈不可算名詞〉紙
〈可算名詞〉 新聞
room:
〈不可算名詞〉余地
〈可算名詞〉 場所 部屋
fire:
〈不可算名詞〉火
〈可算名詞〉 火事

◆ 対応する可算名詞を持つ不可算名詞
機械
〈不可算名詞〉machinery
〈可算名詞〉 machine

〈不可算名詞〉poetry
〈可算名詞〉 poem
光景
〈不可算名詞〉scenery
〈可算名詞〉 scene

3 集合名詞
⑴ family 型:単数・複数の両方の可能性
 ①「かたまり」と見なす
   ➪ 〈単数扱い〉
   His family is a large one.
 ②「構成メンバー」を指す
   ➪ 〈単数形で複数扱い〉
   His family are all early risers.
・class (クラス[の生徒])
・audience (聴衆,観衆)
・team (チーム[のメンバー])
・committee (委員会[の委員たち])
・crew (乗組員)
・staff (職員)
Many people believe that the Japanese are a hardworking people.
(多くの人々が日本人は勤勉な国民であると信じている)

⑵ police 型:単数形で複数扱い
The police have not caught the murderer.
(警察はその殺人犯を捕まえていない)

4 注意すべき複数形
 ⑴ 複合名詞の複数形
  ①主要語を複数形
「義母」
mother-in-law
▸ mothers-in-law
「通行人」
passer-by
▸ passers-by
「見物人」
looker-on
▸ lookers-on
  ②性別表示の複合名詞
「女医」
a woman doctor
▸ women doctors
「男の雇い人」
a man servant
▸ men servants

 ⑵ 2 つの構成要素
・glasses (めがね)
・spectacles (めがね)
・scissors (はさみ)
・trousers (ズボン),
・pants (ズボン)
・shoes (靴)
・shocks (靴下)
・stockings (ストッキング)
・gloves (手袋)
 
⑶ 単数形・複数形で意味の異なる名詞
・arm(腕)/ arms(武器)
・letter(手紙・文字)/ letters(文学)
・manner(方法)/ manners(行儀)
・custom(習慣)/ customs(関税)
・content(満足)/ contents(内容)
・pain(苦しみ)/ pains(苦労)

⑷ 2 者を前提とした行為
・change trains / planes (列車/飛行機を乗り換える)
・change one's shirts (シャツを着替える)
・shake hands (with) (握手する)
・take turns (at / in) doing(交代で~する)
・make friends (with) (友達になる)
⑸ 文字・数字・略記号の複数形
 ex.) PTA → PTA’s/PTAs

5 類語問題で問われる名詞
⒜ 『客』を表わす名詞群
 ☆ guest 「招待客・宿泊人」
 ☆ passengers 「乗客」
 ☆ customer 「顧客・常連客」
 ☆ client 「(弁護士などの)依頼人」
 ☆ audience 「聴衆・観客」
 ☆ visitor 「訪問客」
 ☆ spectator 「見物人」
 ☆ patient 「患者」
 ☆ viewer 「テレビの視聴者」
⒝ 『料金』を表わす名詞群
 ☆ fee 「専門職に対して支払う料金」
 ☆ fare 「交通機関の料金」
 ☆ pay 「手当て・報酬」
 ☆ tax 「税金」
 ☆ charge 「サービスに対して支払う(公共)料金」
 ☆ fine 「罰金」
 ☆ penalty 「罰金」
 ☆ admission 「入場料」
 ☆ interest 「利子・利息」
 ☆ rent 「家賃・家賃収入」
 ☆ commission 「手数料・歩合」
⒞ 『仕事』を表わす名詞群
 ☆ business 「事業」
 ☆ work 「仕事」〈不可算〉
 ☆ job 「仕事」〈可算〉
 ☆ labor 「骨の折れる仕事
 ☆ task 「課された仕事」
 ☆ occupation 「職業」
 ☆ profession 「専門職・知的職業」

6 〈冠詞+数詞‐単数名詞+名詞〉
『10 ドル紙幣』
 ○ a ten-dollar bill
 × ten dollars bill
 × ten-dollars bill
  *a three-day trip (2 泊3 日の旅行)
  *a one-month holiday (1 ヶ月の休暇)

7
⑴ 名詞の所有格はアポストロフィを付ける
 ① -s で終わる複数名詞の所有格はアポストロフィのみ
  * my brothers’ car
 ② 複合名詞は最後の語にアポストロフィが原則
  * my father-in-law’s car
⑵ 所有格としてアポストロフィを付けるのは「人や動物」「時間・距離・価格など」に関する名詞
  * five minutes’ walk
⑶ アポストロフィの後に建物(家・店・病院・寺院)が来たときにはそれを省略可
  * I bought some bread at the baker’s (shop).
8 数字に関する表現
 ⑴ 分数表現:分子(基数)−分⺟(序数詞)
 ・one-fifth「5分の1」
 ・two-thirds「3分の2」
 ・a half「半分」
 ・a quarter「4分の1」
 ⑵ 年 号
 *1999 nineteen ninety-nine
 *1900 nineteen hundred
 *2000 (the year) two thousand / twenty hundred

9 不定冠詞 a(n)
 ⑴ 基本用法
  初めての話題
  He sent me a French book. This is the book.
  「ひとつの」
  I'll be back in a month or two.
  「ある」
  You are right in a sense.
  「〜につき」
  The garbage collector comes three times a week.
 ⑵ a とan で間違いやすいもの
  a university
  a useful book
  a European country
  a UFO
  an hour, an honest boy
  an SOS signal

10 定冠詞 the
 ⑴ 基本用法
  〈再登場〉
  He sent me a French book. This is the book.
  〈状況から自明〉
  Will you pass me the salt?
  〈限定された名詞〉
  Kyoto is the former capital of Japan.
  Autumn is the best season for reading.
  Let's begin with the first chapter.
  This is the only dictionary I have.
  He and I are of the same age.
  〈唯一〉
  The world is getting smaller and smaller.

⑵ 定冠詞を用いた重要表現
 ① the+形容詞・分詞(複数扱い)
  the rich
  the poor
  the young 
  the old
  the living
  the dead
 The living should not speak ill of the dead.
 (死んだ人の悪口をいうべきではない)
 ② by the +単位
 Telephone rates are calculated by the minute.
 (電話料金は分単位で計算されている)
 ③ take +人+ by the 身体の部分
 take me by the hand
 catch me by the arm
 seize me by the collar,
 pat me on the shoulder
 look me in the face
⑶ 語順
① such (quite/rather/what) + a (an) +(形)+名
 I can't finish it in such a short time.
 (私はそれをそんな短時間で終えることができない)
② so (as/too/how/however)+形+ a (an) +名
 I can't finish it in so short a time.
 (私はそんな短時間でそれを終えることができない)
③ half (double/倍数/分数) + the +名
 This box is half the size of that one.
 (この箱はあの箱の半分の大きさだ)

⑷ 無冠詞
 ① 食事・スポーツ
  We usually have breakfast at 7:00.
  Let's play tennis.
 ② 建物などが本来の目的(抽象概念)
  go to school
  after school
  be late for school
  be in class
  be late for class,
  go to bed
  be at (the) table
  be in (the) hospital
  go to church
③ by +交通・通信手段
  by bus
  by train
  by car
  by plane
  by ship
  by air
  by sea
  by land
  by phone
  by mail
★〔例外〕on foot


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