マイベストプロ神戸
TEX 二井原

英検1級取得者によるオンライン個別指導のプロ

TEX 二井原(てっくすにいはら) / 英語講師

英語パーソナルジム HIET(ヒート)/ High Intensity English Training

コラム

英文法5分ドリル【形容詞&副詞】④

2024年1月11日

テーマ:大学入試・TOEIC・英検

コラムカテゴリ:スクール・習い事


本記事は独学・国内学習による
英検1級保持者が書きました。


It’s too late to go out now. (    ), it’s starting to rain.
  ① Besides
  ② Therefore
  ③ At least
  ④ Nevertheless

✰ besides 「そのうえ,さらに」
     (=in addition, moreover, furthermore) 
✰ beside 「…のそばに」
     (=at the side of; next to) 
     「加えて」
     (=in addition to; apart from)
以下、例文列挙。
beside:
⑴ [前置詞]
"She sat beside her friend in the classroom."
(教室で、彼女は友達の隣に座った)
besides:
⑴ [前置詞]
"Besides English, she speaks French fluently."
(英語以外にも、彼女は流暢にフランス語を話します)
⑵ [副詞]
"I don't want anything else. Besides, I'm already full."
(他に何も欲しくない。それに、もうお腹いっぱいだ)
正解:①
「出かけるには遅すぎる。そのうえ,雨が降ってきた」
It’s too late to go out now. Besides, it’s starting to rain.
Furthermore, it’s starting to rain.
Moreover, it’s starting to rain.
Furthermore, the rain has begun.
Moreover, the rain has started.





This dress is (    ) large for me.
  ① very too
  ② too very
  ③ much too
  ④ too much

✰〔比較級〕
✰〔too+形容詞・副詞〕
✰〔前置詞句〕
✰〔the same〕
He is much faster than Tom.
(彼はトムよりずっと早い)
This bag is much too heavy.
(このバッグは重すぎる)
Much to my surprise, he spoke English fluently.
(驚いたことに,彼は英語がペラペラだった)
These stories are much the same.
(これらの話はほとんど同じだ)
正解:③
「この服は私には大きすぎる」
This dress is much too large for me.
This dress is excessively big for me.
This dress is overly spacious for me.
This dress is excessively roomy for me.
This dress is exceedingly large for me.





He arrived to find that the train had left five minutes (   ).
  ① before
  ② later
  ③ ago
  ④ sooner

They told me that he had died a week before.
=They said to me, “He died a week ago”.   
✰ ago
  ➪ 基準時 =〔現在〕(常に過去時制で用いる)
✰ before
  ➪ 基準時 =〔過去/現在/未来〕
◆ already / yet / still
✰ already
 ⑴[肯定文]「すでに」 
 ⑵[疑問文]「もう(驚き)」
✰ yet
 ⑴[否定文]「まだ」  
 ⑵[疑問文]「もう」
✰ still
 ⑴[肯定文]「まだ」 
 ⑵[比較級強調]「よりいっそう」 
 (3)「しかし」
以下、例文列挙。
✰ already:
⑴ [肯定文]
"I have already finished my homework."
 (私はすでに宿題を終えています)
⑵ [疑問文]
"Have you already seen the new movie?"
(もうその新しい映画を見ましたか?)
✰ yet:
⑴ [否定文]
"I haven't finished my work yet."
 (私はまだ仕事を終えていません)
⑵ [疑問文] "Have you finished your lunch yet?"
(もう昼食は終わりましたか?)
✰ still:
⑴ [肯定文]
"She is still studying for the exam."
 (彼女はまだ試験の勉強をしています)
⑵ [比較級強調]
"I am still more interested in science than art."
 (私はまだ芸術よりも科学により興味を持っています)
(3) "I forgot my umbrella, still, I'll manage without it."
 (傘を忘れたけれども、それでもなんとかなるだろう)
正解:①
「彼は着いたときには5分前に列車が出ていた」
He arrived to find that the train had left five minutes before.
Upon arrival, he discovered the train had departed five minutes earlier.
On reaching, he realized the train had departed five minutes prior.
When he got there, he found the train had left five minutes ago.
Upon his arrival, he learned the train had departed five minutes prior.






Recently more and more people (    ) climbing mountains.
  ① enjoy
  ② have enjoyed
  ③ are enjoying
  ④ will enjoy

✰ lately / recently
  ➪〈完了時制/過去時制〉(-lyで終る)
✰ nowadays / these days
  ➪〈現在時制〉(-sで終る)
-s(複数形)が繰り返し(現在時制の基本概念)を暗示。
古い英語では -s の名詞は副詞扱いされていた。
nowadays や evenings (毎晩)などはその名残り。
以下、例文列挙。
✰ Lately / Recently:
I haven't seen him lately.
(最近彼に会っていない)
Have you heard any news recently?
(最近、何かニュースを聞きましたか?)
✰ Nowadays / These days:
Nowadays, technology is advancing rapidly.
(最近では、技術が急速に進化しています)
People are more health-conscious these days.
(近頃、人々は健康に気を使っています)
正解:②
「最近ますます多くの人が登山を楽しんでいる」
Recently more and more people have enjoyed climbing mountains.
Increasingly, people have taken pleasure in mountain climbing.
Lately, there’s been a growing enjoyment of mountain climbing.
In recent times, there’s been a surge in people enjoying mountain climbing.
As of late, an increasing number of individuals have embraced mountain climbing.






The snow’s gone now, but when I went skiing last week, it was beautiful. It had snowed just (    ).
  ① two days ago
  ② two days before
  ③ before two days
  ④ two days after

例えば『3日前』という表現は次のように使い分ける。  
✰ three days ago
  ➪「今を基点に3日前」(agoは常に過去時制で用いる)
✰ three days before
  ➪「未来,過去のある時点を基点に3日前」 
He left here two days ago, but his sister had left here two days before.
(彼は今から2日前にここを去った。だが,彼のお姉さんは彼が去ったその日からさらに2日前にここを去っていた)
◆時を表わす副詞
✰ ago  [現在から前]
  ➪ agoは単独で用いることはできない
✰ before[過去・現在・未来から前]
  ➪ before〔副詞〕「以前に」
✰ ever [いつでもいいいつか]
  ➪ ever=at any time「いつか」
✰ before[過去・現在・未来から前]
  ➪ always=every time「いつも」
以下、例文列挙。
I met her three years ago.
(私は彼女に3年前に会いました)
※ agoは単独で用いることは不可
I had visited the museum before.
(私は以前にその博物館を訪れたことがあります)
※ before(副詞)は「以前に」という意味で使用される
Have you ever been to Japan?
(あなたは日本に行ったことがありますか?)
※ ever は at any timeと同義で「いつでも」「いつか」の意で使われる
I always brush my teeth before going to bed.
(寝る前にはいつも歯を磨きます。)
※ alwaysはevery timeと同義で「いつも」の意味で使われる
正解:②
「雪はとけてしまったが先週スキーに行った時にはきれいな雪景色だった。その2日前に降ったばかりだった」
The snow’s gone now, but when I went skiing last week, it was beautiful. It had snowed just two days before.
The snow has disappeared now, but last week when I went skiing, it was stunning. It had snowed merely two days prior.
Presently, the snow has melted, but during my ski trip last week, it was gorgeous. It had snowed only two days earlier.
The snow has vanished, but the skiing conditions were splendid last week. It had snowed a mere two days before.
Currently lacking snow, the skiing conditions were breathtaking last week. It had snowed just two days prior.






You shouldn’t have bothered, Mrs. Owens; you’re (    ) to me.
  ① much too kind
  ② too much kind
  ③ very much kind
  ④ very too kind

much は通例形容詞の原級を修飾しないので too much kind と言わない。
✰ too …の強調
   ➪ much too young.
✰ 前置詞句の強調
   ➪ much to my joy
✰ rather …の強調
   ➪ much rather cold
✰ 比較級の強調
   ➪ much better
✰ 最上級の強調
   ➪ much the best
以下、例文列挙。
She is much too young.
(彼女はあまりにも若い。)
Much to my joy, the event was a great success.
(私の喜びのために、そのイベントは大成功でした)
It's much rather cold today.
(今日はかなり寒いです。)
The second option is much better.
(2つ目の選択肢の方がずっと良いです)
Among all the candidates, she is much the best.
(全ての候補者の中で、彼女が最も優れています)
正解:①
「悩んでいただかなくてもよかったのに,オーエンさん。ご親切に!」
You shouldn’t have bothered, Mrs. Owens; you’re much too kind to me.
Mrs. Owens, your kindness exceeds expectations; you needn’t have bothered.
Mrs. Owens, your kindness is beyond measure; you shouldn’t have gone to the trouble.
Mrs. Owens, your excessive kindness is unnecessary; you needn’t have troubled yourself.
Mrs. Owens, your exceptional kindness is unwarranted; there was no need for you to bother.






It was so cold that (   ) anybody went swimming.
  ① hardly
  ② most
  ③ nearly
  ④ almost

<hardly any+名>(=almost no+名)
There is hardly any food left in the refrigerator.
冷蔵庫にはほとんど食べ物が残っていません。
<scarcely any+名>「ほとんど…ない」
Scarcely any information was provided about the upcoming project.
今後のプロジェクトに関する情報はほとんど提供されませんでした。
意味の強さはおよそ,
no+名 > hardly any+名 > few[little]+名
正解:①
「すごく寒かったのでだれも泳ぎに行かなかった」
It was so cold that hardly anybody went swimming.
The cold was extreme, resulting in hardly anyone swimming.
It was excessively cold, leading to almost no one swimming.
The cold was so severe that scarcely anyone went swimming.
It was such a cold day that scarcely anyone engaged in swimming.






Our patient is in (    ) the same condition as yesterday.
  ① much
  ② very
  ③ even
  ④ far

much は the sameの前に置かれて「ほとんど」の意。
The new model is much the same as the previous version, with only a few minor improvements.
新しいモデルは前のバージョンとほとんど同じで、わずかな改良しかありません。

正解:①
「患者の様態は昨日とだいたい同じだ」
Our patient is in much the same condition as yesterday.
Our patient remains in a condition quite similar to yesterday.
Our patient’s condition today mirrors yesterday’s.
The condition of our patient hasn’t changed much from yesterday.
Our patient is in a condition almost identical to yesterday’s.







This symphony is a real masterpiece. I think it's worth (     ) over and over again.
  ① to be listened to 
  ② listening to 
  ③ be listened to 
  ④ to listen to 

<A is worth+名詞>
「Aは…の価値がある」
worthは動名詞だけでなく名詞も目的語に取る。
◆ 後ろに目的語を取る形容詞
・worth「~する価値がある」
・like「~のように」
・unlike「~と違って」
・near「~の近くに」
・opposite「~の向こう側に」
以下、例文列挙。
Learning a new language is worth the effort.
(新しい言語を学ぶことは努力する価値がある)
She dances like a professional.
(彼女はプロのように踊る。)
Unlike his brother, he prefers tea over coffee.
(彼の兄とは違って、彼はコーヒーよりも紅茶を好む)
The restaurant is near the train station.
(そのレストランは駅の近くにあります)
The library is opposite the park.
(図書館は公園の向かい側にあります)
正解:② 
「この交響曲は傑作だ。何度も聞く価値がある」
This symphony is a real masterpiece. I think it's worth listening to over and over again.
This symphony is an absolute masterpiece. I believe it's worth repeated listens.
Truly, this symphony is a masterpiece. It deserves to be heard repeatedly.
Undoubtedly, this symphony is a masterpiece. I feel it merits listening to repeatedly.
Without a doubt, this symphony is a masterpiece. It's worth listening to repeatedly.






Computers can make calculation much faster than human beings; (    ), they must be controlled by human programmers.
  ① nevertheless
  ② instead
  ③ besides
  ④ otherwise

nevertheless「それにもかかわらず」
◆ 続詞と混合しやすい副詞
☆ however(しかし)
☆ therefore(それゆえに)
☆ accordingly(したがって),
☆ moreover(その上)
☆ besides(その上)
☆ nevertheless(それにもかかわらず)
以下、例文列挙。
"I wanted to go to the party; however, I was feeling unwell."
(パーティーに行きたかったが、しかし、体調が悪かった。)
以下、例文列挙。
"She forgot her umbrella, therefore she got wet in the rain."
(彼女は傘を忘れた。それゆえに雨に濡れた)
"The weather forecast predicted heavy rain; accordingly, the event was canceled."
(天気予報は激しい雨を予測した。したがって、イベントは中止された)
"He is fluent in English, and moreover, he speaks three other languages."
(彼は英語が流暢で、その上、他にも3つの言語を話す)
"I have two brothers. Besides, I also have a sister."
(私には2人の兄弟がいる。その上、姉もいます)
"It was raining; nevertheless, they decided to go for a picnic."
(雨が降っていた。それにもかかわらず、彼らはピクニックに行くことを決めた)
正解:①
「コンピューターは人間よりはるかに早く計算する。それにもかかわらず,人間のプログラマーによってコントロールされる」
Computers can make calculation much faster than human beings; nevertheless, they must be controlled by human programmers.
Despite computers being significantly faster at calculations than humans, they still require control from human programmers.
While computers excel in speed for calculations compared to humans, they still rely on human programmers for control.
Even though computers outpace humans in calculation speed, human programmers are still necessary for their control.
Although computers are much faster in calculations than humans, their control ultimately depends on human programmers.

【音読基本英文】



「出かけるには遅すぎる。そのうえ,雨が降ってきた」

It’s too late to go out now. Besides, it’s starting to rain.
Furthermore, it’s starting to rain.
Moreover, it’s starting to rain.
Furthermore, the rain has begun.
Moreover, the rain has started.




「この服は私には大きすぎる」

This dress is much too large for me.
This dress is excessively big for me.
This dress is overly spacious for me.
This dress is excessively roomy for me.
This dress is exceedingly large for me.





「彼は着いたときには5分前に列車が出ていた」

He arrived to find that the train had left five minutes before.
Upon arrival, he discovered the train had departed five minutes earlier.
On reaching, he realized the train had departed five minutes prior.
When he got there, he found the train had left five minutes ago.
Upon his arrival, he learned the train had departed five minutes prior.





「最近ますます多くの人が登山を楽しんでいる」

Recently more and more people have enjoyed climbing mountains.
Increasingly, people have taken pleasure in mountain climbing.
Lately, there’s been a growing enjoyment of mountain climbing.
In recent times, there’s been a surge in people enjoying mountain climbing.
As of late, an increasing number of individuals have embraced mountain climbing.





「雪はとけてしまったが先週スキーに行った時にはきれいな雪景色だった。その2日前に降ったばかりだった」

The snow’s gone now, but when I went skiing last week, it was beautiful. It had snowed just two days before.
The snow has disappeared now, but last week when I went skiing, it was stunning. It had snowed merely two days prior.
Presently, the snow has melted, but during my ski trip last week, it was gorgeous. It had snowed only two days earlier.
The snow has vanished, but the skiing conditions were splendid last week. It had snowed a mere two days before.
Currently lacking snow, the skiing conditions were breathtaking last week. It had snowed just two days prior.






「悩んでいただかなくてもよかったのに,オーエンさん。ご親切に!」

You shouldn’t have bothered, Mrs. Owens; you’re much too kind to me.
Mrs. Owens, your kindness exceeds expectations; you needn’t have bothered.
Mrs. Owens, your kindness is beyond measure; you shouldn’t have gone to the trouble.
Mrs. Owens, your excessive kindness is unnecessary; you needn’t have troubled yourself.
Mrs. Owens, your exceptional kindness is unwarranted; there was no need for you to bother.





「すごく寒かったのでだれも泳ぎに行かなかった」

It was so cold that hardly anybody went swimming.
The cold was extreme, resulting in hardly anyone swimming.
It was excessively cold, leading to almost no one swimming.
The cold was so severe that scarcely anyone went swimming.
It was such a cold day that scarcely anyone engaged in swimming.






「患者の様態は昨日とだいたい同じだ」

Our patient is in much the same condition as yesterday.
Our patient remains in a condition quite similar to yesterday.
Our patient’s condition today mirrors yesterday’s.
The condition of our patient hasn’t changed much from yesterday.
Our patient is in a condition almost identical to yesterday’s.






「この交響曲は傑作だ。何度も聞く価値がある」

This symphony is a real masterpiece. I think it's worth listening to over and over again.
This symphony is an absolute masterpiece. I believe it's worth repeated listens.
Truly, this symphony is a masterpiece. It deserves to be heard repeatedly.
Undoubtedly, this symphony is a masterpiece. I feel it merits listening to repeatedly.
Without a doubt, this symphony is a masterpiece. It's worth listening to repeatedly.







「コンピューターは人間よりはるかに早く計算する。それにもかかわらず,人間のプログラマーによってコントロールされる」

Computers can make calculation much faster than human beings; nevertheless, they must be controlled by human programmers.
Despite computers being significantly faster at calculations than humans, they still require control from human programmers.
While computers excel in speed for calculations compared to humans, they still rely on human programmers for control.
Even though computers outpace humans in calculation speed, human programmers are still necessary for their control.
Although computers are much faster in calculations than humans, their control ultimately depends on human programmers.




要点整理【形容詞&副詞】

形 容 詞 = 名詞を修飾 or 補語

⑴ 限定用法(=名詞修飾)
 ①〈形容詞+名詞〉
  This is a serious problem.
  これは深刻な問題である。
 ②〈something, anything, nothing, everything+形容詞〉
  Was there anything wrong with the car?
  車の調子が悪いのですか。
 ③〈名詞 ← 形容詞句〉
  Japan is a country poor in natural resources.
  日本は資源に乏しい国である。

⑵ 叙述用法(=C になる)
 ① 補語になる場合
  This problem is serious.
  この問題は深刻である。
 ②〈名詞+形容詞〉
  Those present were all very glad to hear the news.
  出席者はみなその知らせを聞いてとても喜んだ。

⑶ 限定用法のみに用いる形容詞
 ・chief(主な)
 ・main(主な)
 ・mere(ほんの)
 ・only(唯一の)
 ・wooden(木の)
 ・live /laiv/(生きている)

⑷ 叙述用法のみに用いる形容詞
 ★ a-で始まる形容詞
 ・afraid(恐れて)
 ・alike(似て)
 ・alive(生きて)
 ・alone(一人で),
 ・ashamed(恥じて)
 ・asleep(眠って)
 ・awake(目が覚めて)
 ・aware(気付いて)
 ★ 前置詞・不定詞・動名詞を伴う形容詞
 ・be bound for(~行きの)
 ・be inclined to do(~しがちで)
 ・be proud of(~を自慢している)
 ・be subject to(~を受けやすい)
 ・be unable to do(~することができない),
 ・be worth doing(~する価値がある)

⑸ 限定用法と叙述用法では意味の異なる形容詞
   〈 限 定 用 法 〉    〈 叙 述 用 法 〉
certain  ある         確かな
present 現在の        その場にいる
late    最近の/亡くなった   遅れて
ill     悪い 病気で

◆ 数に関する形容詞
         可算名詞     不可算名詞
たくさんの     many       much
たくさんの         a lot of
少しの(肯定)  a few        a little
ほとんど~ない   few        little
少なからぬ    not a few     not a little
         quite a few    quite a little

◆〈人〉を主語に取るか否か
⑴ 〔It is ... for A to do〕
 ・dangerous(危険な)
 ・difficult(難しい)
 ・easy(やさしい)
 ・hard(難しい),
 ・possible(可能な)
 ・impossible(不可能な)

⑵ 〔It is ... for A to do / It is ... that S V〕
 ・convenient(便利な)
 ・inconvenient(不便な)
 ・important(重要な)
 ・unimportant(重要でない)
 ・natural(当然な)
 ・necessary(必要な)
 ・unnecessary(不必要な),
 ・regrettable(遺憾な)

⑶〔人を主語にする形容詞〕
 ・angry(怒った)
 ・glad(喜んで)
 ・happy(楽しい)
 ・sorry(気の毒な)
 ・able(できる)
 ・unable(できない)

◆ その他注意すべき形容詞
⑴ 〔the+形容詞〕
 ・the sick(病人)
 ・the young(若者)
 ・the old(老人)
 ・the living(生きている人),
 ・the dead(死人)
 ・the unemployed(失業者)

⑵『~できる』
 ・人be (un)able to do
 ・人be (in)capable of doing
 ・It is (im)possible for 人 to do

⑶ It is 形容詞 that S should (do) 「S が~するのは○形だ」
 ◇ 主観的判断
 ・natural
 ・no wonder「当然で」
 ・wrong「間違った」
 ・rational「理にかなった」
 ・reasonable「筋の通った」

 ◇ 感情の強調
 ・strange, odd「奇妙な」
 ・surprising「驚くべき」
 ・regrettable, a pity「残念な」
 ・disappointing「つまらない」
 ・absurd「ばかげた」
 ・fortunate「幸いな」
 ・should 省略可
 ・important「重要な」
 ・necessary「必要な」
 ・essential「必要な不可欠な」
 ・proper「適切な」

⑷ 特定の名詞を修飾する形容詞
large/small 「多い/少ない」
 ・population「人口」
 ・number「数」
 ・income「収入」
 ・family「家族」
 ・salary「給料」
 ・audience「聴衆」

high/low 「多い/少ない」
 ・price「価格」
 ・salary「給料」
 ・income「収入」

heavy/light 「多い/少ない」
 ・traffic「交通量」
 ・breakfast「朝食」
 ・meal「食事」

strong/weak 「濃い/薄い」
 ・coffee「コ-ヒ-」
 ・tea「紅茶」

⑸ many ⇔ much ⇔ few ⇔ little〔数量形容詞〕
【数量】
✰ many/ few  ➪ 〈可算名詞〉
✰ much/ little  ➪ 〈不可算名詞〉

【活用】
✰ many[much] - more - most
✰ few - fewer - fewest
✰ little - less - least

【品詞】
✰ many/few/fewer/fewest ➪ 形 or 名
✰ much/more/most/little/least ➪ 形 or 名 or 副

⑹ a の有無での意味のちがい
✰ a few/ a little(肯定的)「少しの~」
✰ few/ little(否定的)「ほとんど~ない」

⑺『多くの~』
✰ 可算名詞名詞につく  ➪ a number of ~
✰ 不可算名詞につく   ➪ a good deal of ~
             a good amount of

⑻ 注意すべき活用形 原級-比較級-最上級
✰ good「良い」・well「元気な,よく」 - better - best
✰ bad 「悪い」・ill「病気の」 - worse - worst
✰ late「時間が遅い」 - later - latest「最新の」
✰ late「順序が遅い」 - latter「後半の」 - last「最後の」

⑼ 後ろに目的語を取る形容詞
 ・worth「~する価値がある」
 ・like「~のように」
 ・unlike「~と違って」
 ・near「~の近くに」
 ・opposite「~の向こう側に」

要点整理〔副詞〕

1〔文中でのハタラキ〕
〈副 詞〉
 動詞・形容詞・副詞・文を修飾 (名詞以外を修飾)
〈形容詞〉
 《 限定用法 》名詞を修飾
 《 叙述用法 》C (補語) になる

2〔基本用例〕
<動詞を修飾>
 He speaks English fluently.
 (彼は流暢に英語を話す)
<形容詞を修飾>
 Your mother is very beautiful.
 (君のお母さんはとても美しい)
<他の副詞を修飾>
 He can speak English fairly well.
 (彼はかなり上手に英語を話せる)
<文修飾>
 Fortunately, he passed the test.
 (幸運にも,彼はテストに合格した)

3〔位置に注意を要するもの〕
【一般の副詞】
 ➪ 文尾か動詞の前
  He plays the piano well.
  (彼はピアノを上手にひく)
【頻度の副詞】
 ➪ 動詞の前
  He is sometimes late to the office.
  (彼は時々会社に遅れる)
【時を表す副詞】
 ➪ 文尾か文頭
  We met him yesterday.
  (我々は昨日彼に会った)
【形容詞/副詞を修飾】
 ➪ その直前
  She can run very fast.
  (彼女はとても早く走れる)
【文修飾】
 ➪ 文頭
  Certainly he promised to come.
  (確かに彼は来ると約束した)
【同種の副詞】
 ➪ 小さい単位が前
  I was born on May 3 in 19800.
  (私は1980 年3 月3 日生まれだ)
【異種の副詞】
 ➪<場所+時>の語順
  I met her at the station on Sunday.
  (彼女に日曜,駅で会った)

4 very / much
✰ very   ➪ 形容詞・副詞/現在分詞/原級
✰ much  ➪ 動詞/過去分詞/比較級・最上級

<very+現在分詞>
His story was very interesting.
(彼の話はとても面白かった)
<very+原形>
His book was very good.
(彼の本はとても良かった)
<the very+最上級>
He is the very best player on this cocker team.
(彼はこのチームでまさに最高の選手だ)
<the very+名詞句>
This is the very book he has looking for.
(これはまさに彼が探してきた本だ)
<much+過去分詞>
The teacher was much disliked.
(彼の態度はとても嫌われていた)
<much+比較級>
His house is much larger than mine.
(彼の家は私のよりもずっと大きい)
<much the+最上級>
She is much the best singer in this country.
(彼女はこの国で抜群にうまい歌手だ)

◆ much を含む重要表現
<much too+形容詞/副詞>
「大いに,非常に」
 He is much too young.
 (彼は若すぎる)
<much to+所有格+感情名詞>
「~したことに」
 Much to my surprise[disappointment], he betray us.
 (驚いたこと[がっかりしたことに]彼は我々を裏切った)
<much+the same>
「ほぼ同じ」
 He is in much the same condition as yesterday.
 (彼は昨日とほぼ同じ容態だ)


5 ago / before
✰ ago  ➪ 過去形と併用/単独不可
   I saw the movie three days ago.
   (その映画を三日前に見た)
✰ before  ➪ 完了形と併用/単独可
   I have seen the movie before.
   (その映画を前に見た)

6『最近』
✰ nowadays  ➪ 現在時制
✰ these days ➪ 現在時制
✰ recently   ➪ 現在完了/過去時制
✰ lately     ➪ 現在完了/過去時制
✰ of late    ➪ 現在完了/過去時制
-s(複数形)が繰り返し(現在時制の基本概念)を暗示している。
古い英語では-s の名詞は副詞扱いされていた。
nowadays やevenings「毎晩」などはその名残り。

7 頻度の副詞
✰ always       ➪ 100% 「いつも」
✰ usually, generally  ➪ 80% 「ふつうは」
✰ often, frequently   ➪ 60% 「よく」
✰ not always     ➪ 「必ずしも~というわけではない」
✰ sometimes     ➪ 50% 「時々」
✰ occasionally    ➪ 40% 「ときたま」
✰ seldom       ➪ 20% 「めったに~ない」
✰ rarely        ➪ 20% 「めったに~ない」
✰ never        ➪ 0% 「一度も~ない」

8 -ly の有無で意味の異なる副詞
hard「一生懸命に」 ⇔  hardly「ほとんど~ない」
late「遅く」     ⇔  lately「最近」
near「近くに」   ⇔ nearly「ほとんど」
high「高く」    ⇔ highly「大いに」
short「短く」    ⇔ shortly「まもなく」
sharp「きっかりに」  ⇔ sharply「鋭く」
most「もっとも」/mostly「たいていは」/almost「ほとんど」
✰ most  ➪ 形容詞 or 代名詞「ほとんど(の)」
✰ almost  ➪ 副詞「ほとんど」

9 強調の副詞
原級/比較級/最上級の強調
【原級の強調】
 ✰ very
  「とても」
【比較級の強調】
 ✰ much
 ✰ far
 ✰ even
 ✰ still
 ✰ yet
 ✰ a great deal
 ✰ a lot
 ✰ lots
  「よりいっそう」
【最上級の強調】
 ✰ by far
 ✰ much
  「ずばぬけて」
【否定の強調】
 ✰ not+at all
 ✰ in the least
 ✰ a bit
 ✰ whatever
 ✰ simply
 ✰ by no means
 ✰ in no way
 ✰ on no account
 ✰ far from~
 ✰ anything but~
【疑問詞の強調】
 ✰ on earth
 ✰ in the world
 ✰ the devil
  「いったい」


今後も英語学習に関わる情報、体験談を発信していきます。

この記事を書いたプロ

TEX 二井原

英検1級取得者によるオンライン個別指導のプロ

TEX 二井原(英語パーソナルジム HIET(ヒート)/ High Intensity English Training)

Share

関連するコラム

  1. マイベストプロ TOP
  2. マイベストプロ神戸
  3. 兵庫の出産・子育て・教育
  4. 兵庫の大学受験・共通テスト(センター試験)
  5. TEX 二井原
  6. コラム一覧
  7. 英文法5分ドリル【形容詞&副詞】④

© My Best Pro