マイベストプロ神戸
TEX 二井原

英検1級取得者によるオンライン個別指導のプロ

TEX 二井原(てっくすにいはら) / 英語講師

英語パーソナルジム HIET(ヒート)/ High Intensity English Training

コラム

英文法5分ドリル【前置詞】④

2024年1月1日

テーマ:大学入試・TOEIC・英検

コラムカテゴリ:スクール・習い事


本記事は独学・国内学習による
英検1級保持者が書きました。



He'll be back (    ) Monday morning at the latest because he has an appointment that afternoon.
  ① in
  ② until
  ③ at
  ④ by

☆ by Monday「月曜までに」
  ⇒ その時点までに完了する行為と共に用いる
☆ until Monday「月曜まで(ずっと)」
  ⇒ その時点まで継続する行為や状態と共に用いる

ここでは(月曜までに戻る)という行為を
修飾する副詞句としてby Mondayが正しい。
正解:④
「彼は遅くても月曜の朝までには戻ってくるだろう,なぜならその日の午後に約束があるから」
He'll be back by Monday morning at the latest because he has an appointment that afternoon.
He'll definitely be back by Monday morning because he has an appointment that afternoon.
He'll certainly be back by Monday morning due to his appointment that afternoon.
He'll surely be back by Monday morning as he has an appointment scheduled that afternoon.







No matter what method we may use, we cannot master English (    ) four weeks.
  ① during
  ② for
  ③ while
  ④ in

in〔範囲の限定〕
during は特定の期間を表す。
for は単に期間の長さを表すために使う。
 I’ve been here for four weeks.
 「私は4週間ここにいる」
正解:④
「どんな方法を使おうとも我々は4週間で英語をマスターすることはない」
No matter what method we may use, we cannot master English in four weeks.
Regardless of the method we employ, mastering English in four weeks is unattainable.
Irrespective of the approach we take, achieving fluency in English within four weeks is impossible.
Regardless of whichever method we choose, learning English proficiently in four weeks is out of reach.






Jill: You're wearing your wedding ring (    ) the wrong finger.
Pam: I know. I married the wrong man.
  ① on
  ② in
  ③ for
  ④ with

on〔接触〕
in〔着用〕は対象がすっぽり覆われている感じ。
She looks charming in her pink dress.
「彼女はピンクのドレスを着ると魅力的に見える」
with(=having) は所有しているが着用してるか不明。
正解:①
Jill:結婚指輪を間違った指にしているよ
Pam:分ってるわ,私は間違った男と結婚したの
Jill: You're wearing your wedding ring on the wrong finger.
Pam: I know. I married the wrong man.
Jill: You have mistakenly placed your wedding ring on the wrong finger.
Jill: Your wedding ring is incorrectly positioned on the wrong finger.
Jill: You've placed your wedding ring mistakenly on the wrong finger.
Pam: I'm aware. I ended up marrying the wrong man.
Pam: Yes, I realize. I've married the wrong man.
Pam: I understand. I made a mistake marrying the wrong man.






(    ) a sultry night in August, I had an unexpected visit from Tom Jones.
  ① In
  ② At
  ③ On
  ④ For

特定の〔日時〕を表すonを用いる。
☆〔時 刻〕 at
  at noon/at midnight/at 3:00 p.m.
☆〔時間帯〕 in
  in the morning/in the afternoon/in the evening
☆〔日 時〕 on
  on Sunday/on Christmas day/on that day
〔時間帯〕を表す in は時間帯を表す名詞に修飾語がついて
〔特定の日〕になると日付と同等になり,on に変わる。
 in the morning
 ▸ on a rainy morning
☆ 日時より大きい単位の場合はその幅をinを用いて表現する
  in summer / in 2005 / in April
☆ last・next / this・that / every・each が付くと副詞句
  I go to school every day.
  Last Christmas I gave you my hart.
正解:③
「蒸し暑い8月の夜,トム・ジョーンズがひょっこりと顔をだした」
On a sultry night in August, I had an unexpected visit from Tom Jones.
During a muggy August night, I received an unforeseen visit from Tom Jones.
On a humid August evening, Tom Jones unexpectedly visited me.
During a sweltering August night, I had an unexpected visit from Tom Jones.







The heavy rainfall has caused vegetable prices to rise daily (    ) the last two months.
  ① by
  ② for
  ③ since
  ④ with

☆『単に期間の長さを表す』 for
   for a week〔◂ How long …? の答え〕
☆『特定の期間を表す』 during
   during the week〔◂ When …? の答え〕
定冠詞の後に last, past, next などがきて
the last two months の形になった場合に限り
for と duringは同意になり交換 可能。
よって選択肢に during があればそれも正解。
正解:②
「激しい雨によってこの2ヶ月間野菜の価格が日に日に上昇している」
The heavy rainfall has caused vegetable prices to rise daily for the last two months.
Continuous heavy rain has led to a daily increase in vegetable prices for the past two months.
The consistent downpour has resulted in a daily rise in vegetable prices over the last two months.
The prolonged heavy rainfall has caused vegetable prices to climb daily for two months.







The policeman walked carefully (    ) the living room (    ) the kitchen.
  ① across / until
  ② through / into
  ③ over / to
  ④ in / to

across〔横断〕「通り抜ける」
though〔対象の貫通〕
into は対象の中への〔移動〕を表す。
 The airplane went out of sight.   
 「飛行機は視界から消えた」      
 The airplane came into sight.
 「飛行機が視界に入った」
正解:②
「警察官は慎重にリビングルームを通り抜けてキッチンへと入って行った」
The policeman walked carefully through the living room into the kitchen.
The officer cautiously moved from the living room into the kitchen.
The policeman proceeded carefully from the living room to the kitchen.
Carefully, the officer walked through the living room and into the kitchen.








I'm afraid a big tsunami would gulp down the island no more than ten meters (
  ) sea level.
  ① up
  ② above
  ③ beyond
  ④ over

「海抜」above sea level
「超越」above
 He is above telling a lie. 
 「彼はうそをついたりしない」
正解:②
「あいにく大きな津波が海抜10メートルにも満たないその島を飲み込むだろう」
I'm afraid a big tsunami would gulp down the island no more than ten meters above sea level.
I fear a large tsunami could engulf the island, which sits only ten meters above sea level.
I'm concerned that an immense tsunami might swallow the island, barely ten meters above sea level.
I worry that a significant tsunami could consume the island, situated just ten meters above sea level.







私は10年ぶりに故郷の町に帰った。
I went back to my hometown 【 time / years / for / ten / first / the / in】.

『10年ぶりに』
for the first time in ten years
 ★ in の変わりにforを使うこともある〈英用法〉
after 10 years’ absence
 ★ absence「不在」から故郷/家を出て「○○年ぶりに」
after an interval of 10 years
「10年ぶりの大雪だ」
 ▸「この10年で最も多くの雪」
 ▸ [~の中で最も the最上級 in ~]
We had the heaviest snow in ten years.
正解:
私は10年ぶりに故郷の町に帰った。
I went back to my hometown for the first time in ten years.
I revisited my hometown after a decade for the first time.
It had been ten years since I last returned to my hometown.
After a decade, I returned to my hometown for the first time.








君がアメリカに滞在中,何が最も印象深かったか。<1語不要>
What was 【you / your / most / during / while / to / stay / remarkable】in America?


☆ Let's go home while it's still light.
  まだ明るい間に家に帰りましょう。
☆ I spent two weeks with Tom during the summer vacation.
  私は夏休みの間、2週間トムと一緒に過ごした。
☆ Though she was tired, she kept on working.
  彼女は疲れていたが、働き続けた。
☆ They left in spite of a heavy rain.
  彼らは激しい雨にもかかわらず出かけていった。
☆ I took a taxi because it was raining.
  私は雨が降っていたので、タクシーに乗った。
☆ He was absent because of a cold.
  彼は風邪のために欠席した。
正解:
君がアメリカに滞在中,何が最も印象深かったか。
What was most remarkable to you during your stay in America?
What stood out the most to you during your time in America?
What was the most memorable aspect of your stay in America?
What was the most striking thing for you during your time in America?








Natsuko bought the present (    ) five dollars.
  ① in
  ② for
  ③ by
  ④ on

for〔対象の包括〕包み込んでいく感じ。
▸〔賛成〕〔目的〕〔観点〕〔方向〕〔目的〕
 の意味が発展 
▸ 同じ価値のものの〔交換〕〔代理〕
ここでは〔交換の for〕 
正解:②
「ナツコは5ドルでそのプレゼントを買った」
Natsuko bought the present for five dollars.
Natsuko purchased the gift for a mere five dollars.
The present was bought by Natsuko for just five dollars.
Natsuko acquired the gift for the price of five dollars.







Who is the gentleman all dressed (   ) black?
  ① with
  ② on
  ③ in
  ④ by

in〔枠〕〔範囲の限定〕
範囲内が時間的概念で使われ
▸〔時の経過〕〔期間〕
そこからさらに 
▸〔活動〕〔着用〕〔表現法〕 へと意味が発展。
人を「枠」にはめるのが服装だと考える。
正解:③ 
「全身を黒い服でかためた男性はだれですか」
Who is the gentleman all dressed in black?
Who is the man completely clad in black?
Who is the gentleman wearing entirely black attire?
Who is the man dressed entirely in black?








We are on your side. We are all (    ) you.
  ① against
  ② by
  ③ for
  ④ without

you(君の考え,思想)に対して気持ちがそこへ向かい,
それを包み込む感じ 
 ▸ 〔同意・賛成〕
by を使うなら
 we all stand by you.  
<be on A’s side>
 「Aの味方」
 Are you for or against this proposal ?
 「あなたはこの提案に賛成ですか,それとも反対ですか」
正解:③ 
「我々は君の側にいる,我々全員が君に賛成だ」
We are on your side. We are all for you.
We support you; we're on your team.
We're backing you up; we're fully in your corner.
We're behind you; we're completely supportive of you.








Don't speak (    ) your mouth full when you are at the table.
  ① in
  ② to
  ③ with
  ④ for

〈(   )名詞+形容詞〉
の形で名詞と形容詞の間に
 Your mouth is full.
という文に相当する内容が含まれる。
このような場合に名詞の前に
〔付帯状況〕の withを置く。
正解:③
「テーブルについている時には口の中に食べ物を入れた状態で話すな」
Don't speak with your mouth full when you are at the table.
Avoid talking with your mouth full while at the table.
Refrain from speaking when your mouth is full at the table.
Remember not to talk with food in your mouth while dining.








We'll get in touch with you (    ) phone.
  ① by
  ② with
  ③ on
  ④ using

◇ 一般に交通手段は<by+無冠詞名詞>
   by bus / by air / by train
◇ 〔通信手段〕も同じように by
   by fax / by e-mail / by phone
◇ 具体的乗り物(話者が映像化している時)は in, on
   get on the airplane
   「飛行機に乗る」 
   get in 9:15 train
   「9時15分の列車に乗り込む」
正解:①
「電話しますよ」 
We'll get in touch with you by phone.
We'll contact you via telephone.
We'll reach out to you by phone.
We'll get in contact with you using the phone.



【音読基本英文】



「彼は遅くても月曜の朝までには戻ってくるだろう,なぜならその日の午後に約束があるから」

He'll be back by Monday morning at the latest because he has an appointment that afternoon.
He'll definitely be back by Monday morning because he has an appointment that afternoon.
He'll certainly be back by Monday morning due to his appointment that afternoon.
He'll surely be back by Monday morning as he has an appointment scheduled that afternoon.










「どんな方法を使おうとも我々は4週間で英語をマスターすることはない」

No matter what method we may use, we cannot master English in four weeks.
Regardless of the method we employ, mastering English in four weeks is unattainable.
Irrespective of the approach we take, achieving fluency in English within four weeks is impossible.
Regardless of whichever method we choose, learning English proficiently in four weeks is out of reach.








Jill:結婚指輪を間違った指にしているよ
Pam:分ってるわ,私は間違った男と結婚したの

Jill: You're wearing your wedding ring on the wrong finger.
Pam: I know. I married the wrong man.
Jill: You have mistakenly placed your wedding ring on the wrong finger.
Jill: Your wedding ring is incorrectly positioned on the wrong finger.
Jill: You've placed your wedding ring mistakenly on the wrong finger.
Pam: I'm aware. I ended up marrying the wrong man.
Pam: Yes, I realize. I've married the wrong man.
Pam: I understand. I made a mistake marrying the wrong man.











「蒸し暑い8月の夜,トム・ジョーンズがひょっこりと顔をだした」

On a sultry night in August, I had an unexpected visit from Tom Jones.
During a muggy August night, I received an unforeseen visit from Tom Jones.
On a humid August evening, Tom Jones unexpectedly visited me.
During a sweltering August night, I had an unexpected visit from Tom Jones.










「激しい雨によってこの2ヶ月間野菜の価格が日に日に上昇している」

The heavy rainfall has caused vegetable prices to rise daily for the last two months.
Continuous heavy rain has led to a daily increase in vegetable prices for the past two months.
The consistent downpour has resulted in a daily rise in vegetable prices over the last two months.
The prolonged heavy rainfall has caused vegetable prices to climb daily for two months.











「警察官は慎重にリビングルームを通り抜けてキッチンへと入って行った」

The policeman walked carefully through the living room into the kitchen.
The officer cautiously moved from the living room into the kitchen.
The policeman proceeded carefully from the living room to the kitchen.
Carefully, the officer walked through the living room and into the kitchen.












「あいにく大きな津波が海抜10メートルにも満たないその島を飲み込むだろう」

I'm afraid a big tsunami would gulp down the island no more than ten meters above sea level.
I fear a large tsunami could engulf the island, which sits only ten meters above sea level.
I'm concerned that an immense tsunami might swallow the island, barely ten meters above sea level.
I worry that a significant tsunami could consume the island, situated just ten meters above sea level.










私は10年ぶりに故郷の町に帰った。

I went back to my hometown for the first time in ten years.
I revisited my hometown after a decade for the first time.
It had been ten years since I last returned to my hometown.
After a decade, I returned to my hometown for the first time.










君がアメリカに滞在中,何が最も印象深かったか。

What was most remarkable to you during your stay in America?
What stood out the most to you during your time in America?
What was the most memorable aspect of your stay in America?
What was the most striking thing for you during your time in America?











「ナツコは5ドルでそのプレゼントを買った」

Natsuko bought the present for five dollars.
Natsuko purchased the gift for a mere five dollars.
The present was bought by Natsuko for just five dollars.
Natsuko acquired the gift for the price of five dollars.









「全身を黒い服でかためた男性はだれですか」

Who is the gentleman all dressed in black?
Who is the man completely clad in black?
Who is the gentleman wearing entirely black attire?
Who is the man dressed entirely in black?










「我々は君の側にいる,我々全員が君に賛成だ」

We are on your side. We are all for you.
We support you; we're on your team.
We're backing you up; we're fully in your corner.
We're behind you; we're completely supportive of you.











「テーブルについている時には口の中に食べ物を入れた状態で話すな」

Don't speak with your mouth full when you are at the table.
Avoid talking with your mouth full while at the table.
Refrain from speaking when your mouth is full at the table.
Remember not to talk with food in your mouth while dining.








「電話しますよ」 

We'll get in touch with you by phone.
We'll contact you via telephone.
We'll reach out to you by phone.
We'll get in contact with you using the phone.



要点整理〔前置詞〕


 

 for

This train is bound for Osaka.
This building is designed for people in wheelchairs.
Are you for or against my plan?
We worked for our living.
You can buy the paperback for about five dollars.
She looks young for her age.
London is famous for its fog.
She stayed there for three days.

この列車は大阪行きです。(方向・目的地)
この建物は車椅子の人々のために作られています。(追求・目的)
あなたは私の計画に賛成ですか、それとも反対ですか。(賛成)
私たちは私たちの生活のために働いた。(追求・目的)
あなたは約5ドルでそのペーパーバックを買うことができます。(等価・交換)
彼女は年のわりに若く見える。(観点)
ロンドンは霧で有名です。(理由)
彼女は3日間そこに滞在していた。(不特定期間)

   

from

1. I come from Canada.
2. Plastic is made from petroleum.
3. He is quite different from what he looks.

私はカナダ出身です。(出身)
プラスチックは石油から作られます。(原料)
彼はまったく見かけとは違います。(区別)

   

of

Our city is 30 kilometers north of Tokyo.
They were deprived of their political rights.
This house is made of wood.
While sleeping, he died of heart attack.
This book is of great use to those who want to know a lot about Japan.
Do you believe in the existence of God?
We were all impressed by her love of her children.
There is no hope ofus winning this game.

私たちの町は東京の北30 kmにあります。(分離)
彼らは政治的権利を奪われた。(分離→除去)
この家は木造です。(材料)
睡眠中、彼は心臓発作で死亡した。(原因)
日本について多くを知りたいという人にとって、この本は大いに役立ちます。(of+抽象名詞)
あなたは神の存在を信じますか。(主格)
彼女の子供へに対する愛情に私たちはみな感動した。(目的格)
私たちがこの試合に勝つという望みは無い。(同格)

   

to

He drove me to the station.
I usually go to and from the office by bus.
This is the key to Room 202. 
They were moved to tears.
Toour joy, our son returned safe.
I was caught in a shower and wet to the skin.

彼は私を駅まで車で送ってくれた。(方向・到達)
私はたいていバスで仕事場へ行き来する。(方向・到達)
これは202号室の鍵です。(一致)
彼らは感動して涙を流した。(結果)
喜ばしいことに、私たちの息子は無事に帰ってきた。(to one’s+感情を表す名詞)
私はにわか雨に会い、ずぶぬれになった。(程度)

   

with

He brought an umbrella with him.
She cut meat with a knife.
The leaves turned yellow with the coming of autumn.
He sat there with his legs crossed.
I have nothing to do with the matter.
The poor child was shivering with cold.

彼は傘を持っていた。(所有)
彼女はナイフで肉を切った。(道具)
秋の到来とともに、木々の葉っぱが黄色くなった。(同時)
彼は脚を組んでそこにすわっていた。(付帯状況)
私はその件とは関係がありません。(関連)
その哀れな子供は寒さで震えていた。(原因)

   

under

My brother is lying under the table.
Our school building is under construction.
You are under arrest.

1. 弟はテーブルの下に横たわっています。(離れた下)
2. 私たちの校舎は建築中です。(行為の過程)
3. あなたを逮捕します。(支配)

   

over

The plane flew over the island.
We had a chat over a cup of coffee.

1. その飛行機はその島の上空を飛んだ。(離れた上)
2. 私たちはコーヒーを飲みながらおしゃべりをした。(従事)

   

below

There is a waterfall below this bridge.
The sun sank below the horizon.

1 この橋の下流に滝がある。(地理的な下)
2 太陽は地平線の下に沈んだ。(基準線より下)

   

above

The top of Mt. Fuji was seen above the clouds.
Jack lives in the room above us.
She is above telling a lie.

1. 富士山の頂上は雲の上に見えた。(離れた上)
2 ジャックは私たちの上の部屋に住んでいます。(離れた上)
3 彼女は決して嘘をつない。(超越)

   

through

This train will go through a long tunnel.
Those stores are open through the night.
I don't really think I'll get through the exam this summer.
He failed the business through laziness.

1 この列車は長いトンネルを通るでしょう。(貫通)
2 あれらの店は夜通し開いています。(全過程)
3 あれらの店は夜通し開いています。(全過程)
4 彼は怠慢さのためにその仕事に失敗した。(理由)

   

beyond

My house is just beyond that river.
His idea is beyond my comprehension.
This job is beyond me.

1 私の家はちょうどあの川を越えたところにある。(位置)
2 彼の考えは私の理解を超えている。(範囲外)
3 この仕事は私にはできない。(範囲外)

   

along

Go straight along this street.
Let’s proceed along the lines I suggested.

1 この通りに沿ってまっすぐ行きなさい。(空間的)
2 私が示した方針に従って進みましょう。(比喩的)

   

across

We saw a dog swim across the river.
My house is just across the street.

1 私たちは犬がその川を泳いで渡るのを見た。(平面的なものを横切って)
2 私の家はちょうどその通りの向かいがわにあります。(平面的なものの向こう)

   

among / between

This sport is popular among young people.
This train runs between Tokyo and Hakata.

1 このスポーツは若者たちに人気があります。(3者以上)
2 この列車は東京と博多の間を走ります。(2者間)


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TEX 二井原

英語パーソナルジム HIET(ヒート)/ High Intensity English Training

担当TEX 二井原(てっくすにいはら)

地図・アクセス

  1. マイベストプロ TOP
  2. マイベストプロ神戸
  3. 兵庫の出産・子育て・教育
  4. 兵庫の大学受験・共通テスト(センター試験)
  5. TEX 二井原
  6. コラム一覧
  7. 英文法5分ドリル【前置詞】④

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