マイベストプロ神戸
TEX 二井原

英検1級取得者によるオンライン個別指導のプロ

TEX 二井原(てっくすにいはら) / 英語講師

英語パーソナルジム HIET(ヒート)/ High Intensity English Training

コラム

英文法5分ドリル【形容詞&副詞】①

2023年12月24日 公開 / 2024年1月11日更新

テーマ:大学入試・TOEIC・英検

コラムカテゴリ:スクール・習い事


本記事は独学・国内学習による
英検1級保持者が書きました。



We saw a lot of (    ) fish in the pond.
  ① lived
  ② alive
  ③ live
  ④ life

★ 名詞修飾 〔限定用法〕
  a beautiful lady
★ 補語になる〔叙述用法〕 
  She is beautiful .
live 「生きている」
発音注意 [laive] 名詞修飾(叙述)用法のみ
◆ 名詞修飾できない形容詞(補語のみ・aで始まる)
 ✰ alive「生きて」
 ✰ alike「似て」
 ✰ alone「一人で」
 ✰ ashamed「恥じて」
 ✰ awake「目が覚めて」
 ✰ aware「気づいて」
 ✰ asleep「眠って」
 ✰ afraid「恐れて」
 ✰ well「元気で」
 ✰ content「満足して」
◆ 名詞修飾のみに用いられる形容詞
 ✰ chief(主な)
 ✰ main(主な)
 ✰ mere(ほんの)
 ✰ only(唯一の)
 ✰ wooden(木の),
 ✰ live /laiv/(生きている)
正解:③
「我々は池の中にたくさんの魚がいるのを見た」
We saw a lot of live fish in the pond.
We observed numerous live fish swimming in the pond.
There were a plethora of live fish visible in the pond.
The pond was teeming with live fish.
We witnessed a multitude of live fish in the pond.





There were (    ) at the assembly.
  ① a great many people present
  ② a great many present people
  ③ a many great present people
  ④ a many present great people

<a great[good]many+複数名詞>
「かなり多数の…」
◆『多くの~』
 ✰ 可算名詞につく形容詞   
  ➪ <a number of ~>
 ✰ 不可算名詞につく形容詞  
  ➪ <a good deal of ~>
    <a good amount of>
There are a number of reasons why people choose to live in the city.
人々が都市に住む理由はいくつかあります。
We have a good deal of work to complete before the deadline.
締切前に完了しなければならない仕事がかなりあります。
She has saved a good amount of money for her upcoming trip.
彼女は次の旅行のためにかなりの金額を貯めています。
正解:①
「たくさんの人がその集会に出席した」
There were a great many people present at the assembly.
A vast number of individuals were present at the assembly.
The assembly was attended by a considerable crowd.
There was a large gathering of people at the assembly.
Many people congregated at the assembly.





Whenever I see Mr. Smith, I think (    ) Prof. Johnson.
  ① of latter
  ② of the late
  ③ the late
  ④ the latter

the late …「亡くなった/故…」
late が the や所有格を伴い名詞修飾で用いられる
場合にこの意味になる。
問題文を書き換えると,
☆ I never [cannot/can ever] see Mr. Smith without thinking of Prof. Johnson.
☆ Each [Every] time I meet Mr. Smith, I remember the late Prof. Johnson.

正解:②
「スミスさんを見るといつも亡くなったジョンソン教授を思い出す」  
Whenever I see Mr. Smith, I think of the late Prof. Johnson.
Whenever I encounter Mr. Smith, memories of the late Prof. Johnson come to mind.
Mr. Smith's presence always reminds me of the late Prof. Johnson.
Thoughts of the late Prof. Johnson arise whenever I see Mr. Smith.
Mr. Smith's presence triggers memories of the late Prof. Johnson.







I have so (    ) money with me now that I cannot treat you to dinner.
  ① a little
  ② little
  ③ few
  ④ a few

<little+不可算名詞>
「ほとんど…ない」
There is little information available about the new project.
新しいプロジェクトに関する情報はほとんどありません。
She had little patience for excuses.
彼女は言い訳に対する我慢がほとんどありませんでした。
<treat〈人〉to〈モノ〉>
「〈人〉に〈モノ〉をおごる」

 ✰ money 〈不可算名詞〉「お金」
 ✰ coin  〈可算名詞〉「硬貨」
 ✰ bill   〈可算名詞〉「紙幣」
正解:②
「今お金をほとんど持っていないので,あなたに夕食をご馳走できない」 
I have so little money with me now that I cannot treat you to dinner.
I currently have so little money that I'm unable to treat you to dinner.
I have such a small amount of money on me right now that I can't take you out for dinner.
I possess very little money at the moment, making it impossible for me to treat you to dinner.
I don't have enough money on hand to take you out for dinner.








I didn’t hear (    ) about that yesterday.
  ① much news
  ② many news
  ③ a few news
  ④ a big news

<much+不可算名詞>
「たくさんの…」
news「ニュース」〔不可算名詞〕
There is much excitement surrounding the upcoming event.
今度のイベントには多くの興奮があります。
She doesn't have much experience in this field.
彼女はこの分野での経験がほとんどありません。
否定文中の much :「あまり…ない」
 There is not much hope.
  (あまり希望がない)
正解:①
「昨日はその件に関するニュースはあまり聞かなかった」
I didn’t hear much news about that yesterday.
I didn't receive much news about that yesterday.
There wasn't a lot of news about that yesterday.
I was informed about that very minimally yesterday.
There was scarce information about that yesterday.






When I arrived, I found the room crowded with (    ) guests.
  ① a few
  ② few
  ③ quite a few
  ④ only a few

✰ <quite a few+複数名詞>
 「相当の… /かなりの…」
✰ <only a few+複数形可算名詞>
 「わずかな…」
We invited quite a few friends to the party.
パーティーにはかなり多くの友達を招待しました。
Only a few students completed the challenging assignment.
その難しい課題を完了したのはわずか数人の学生だけでした。
< be crowded with A >
 「Aで込み合っている」

正解:③
「私が着いたとき,その部屋はかなりの客で込み合っていた」
When I arrived, I found the room crowded with quite a few guests.
Upon my arrival, I found the room packed with numerous guests.
When I got there, the room was filled with quite a few guests.
The room was crowded with a considerable number of guests when I arrived.
I found the room teeming with guests when I arrived.







He was more dead than (    ) after the train crash.
  ① alive
  ② live
  ③ lived
  ④ lively

「alive」は生命があることを指し、一方で
「lively」は元気で活発な様子を表す。
 ✰ alive 「生きている」
   ➪ 補語 ⇔ dead「死んでいる」
 ✰ lively 「生き生きとした」
   ➪ 名詞修飾
Despite the accident, everyone in the car was alive.
事故にもかかわらず、車にいた全員が生きていました。
The lively discussion brought new ideas to the team.
活発な議論がチームに新しいアイデアをもたらしました。
< more A than B >
「BというよりむしろA」  
正解:①
「その列車事故の後,彼は生きているというよりむしろ死んでいるようだった」
He was more dead than alive after the train crash.
He was barely clinging to life after the train crash.
He was in an almost lifeless state after the train crash.
He was more dead than alive following the train crash.
His condition after the train crash was closer to being deceased than alive.






Harrison was last seen (    ) around 9:30 p.m., so we think he was killed sometime after that.
  ① alive
  ② live
  ③ lively
  ④ lived

They saw Harrison alive.      
 S  V   O    C   
〈受身〉➪ Harrison was seen alive.
正解:①
「ハリソンは最後に目撃されたのは9時半頃だから,その後に殺害されたと我々は考える」
Harrison was last seen alive around 9:30 p.m., so we think he was killed sometime after that.
Harrison was last spotted alive around 9:30 p.m., so we presume he was killed sometime after that.
Since Harrison was last seen alive around 9:30 p.m., we assume he met his demise sometime later.
We believe Harrison was killed after being last seen alive at 9:30 p.m.
Harrison's last sighting was around 9:30 p.m., suggesting his demise occurred after that time.







The poor baby stopped crying and soon fell sound (    ).
  ① sleep
  ② asleep
  ③ sleepy
  ④ sleeping

fall asleep「眠りに落ちる」《名詞修飾は不可》
sound「ぐっすりと」
<参考>
形容詞を強める語は very が基本。
叙述用法のみに用いられる形容詞の中には
veryを用いないものもある
 ✰ awake ▸ wide awake
 ✰ asleep ▸ fast asleep
 ✰ alone ▸ very much alone, all alone
 ✰ afraid ▸ awfully afraid
正解:②
「その可愛そうな赤ちゃんは泣き止んでまもなく深い眠りに落ちた」
The poor baby stopped crying and soon fell sound asleep.
The distressed baby ceased crying and soon fell into a deep slumber.
The baby stopped crying and quickly drifted into a peaceful sleep.
After the baby stopped crying, it soon fell sound asleep.
The baby quieted down and soon fell into a sound sleep.







They are so (    ) that it is difficult to tell which is which.
  ① alike
  ② likely
  ③ resemble
  ④ same

「alike」「resemble」: 外見や性質の類似性を強調
「same」: 完全な一致を示す
「likely」:予測や確率に関連する
『似ている』
✰ alike   [形]「(外見・性質が)似ている」*限定用法は無し  
✰ same   [形]「(限定用法で通例theを付けて)同じの・同一の」
✰ resemble [動]「~と似ている」〔他〕× resemble with A
✰ likely   [副]「ありそうな,もっともらしい」
      *S is likely to do 「Sは…しそうである」
      *It is likely that「…しそうである」
The two sisters look very alike; it's hard to tell them apart.
その2人の姉妹は非常に似ていて、彼らを見分けるのは難しい。
We bought the same dress for the party.
私たちはパーティー用に同じドレスを買いました。
The painting resembles a famous masterpiece.
その絵は有名な名作に似ています。
It's likely that we'll have rain tomorrow.
明日は雨が降る可能性が高い。
正解:①
「彼らはとても似ているのでどっちがどっちか分からない」
They are so alike that it is difficult to tell which is which.
They resemble each other so much that distinguishing between them is challenging.
They are so similar that it's hard to discern one from the other.
It's difficult to tell them apart because they look so much alike.
Their resemblance is so strong that telling which is which is tough.







Is there (    ) TV tonight?
  ① good anything on
  ② anything good on
  ③ something new in
  ④ anything new about

-thing/-body/-one で終わる代名詞は後ろに形容詞を置く。
何かを指す不特定のものや誰かを指す不特定の人を表す際に使う。
具体的な名前を知らない場合に役立つ言葉。
I can't find my keys anywhere. Did you see anything on the table?
和訳: 鍵がどこにも見つからないんだ。テーブルの上に何か見た?
Is anybody there? I need help.
誰かいますか?助けが必要なんです。
Someone is knocking on the door. Could you please answer it?
誰かがドアをノックしています。対応してくれませんか?
正解:②
「今夜面白いテレビ番組はありますか」
Is there anything good on TV tonight?
Is there anything worth watching on TV tonight?
Are there any good shows on TV tonight?
Is there anything interesting airing on TV tonight?
Are there any quality programs on TV tonight?







We tried to make group reservations, but there were (   ) left at the hotel.
  ① the few rooms
  ② many vacancies
  ③ only a few rooms
  ④ too many

<only a few+複数名詞>
「ほんの少しの…」
数量が非常に制限されていることを強調する表現。
Only a few students passed the challenging exam.
その難しい試験にはほんの少数の学生しか合格しませんでした。
In the vast library, only a few books were dedicated to the specific topic.
膨大な図書館の中で、その特定のトピックに関連する本はほんの数冊しかありませんでした。
本問では but 以下が否定的内容になるはずで①②は不可。
④は many の後ろに名詞がないので失格。
正解:③
「団体予約をしようとしたが,そのホテルは空き部屋がほとんどなかった」
We tried to make group reservations, but there were only a few rooms left at the hotel.
We attempted to make group reservations, but the hotel only had a limited number of rooms left.
We tried to reserve rooms together, but the hotel had only a few rooms available.
There were only a handful of rooms remaining at the hotel when we tried to make group reservations.
The hotel had very few rooms left when we tried to book them together.






(    ) reader skips the words that he doesn’t know.
  ① All
  ② Few
  ③ Many a
  ④ Most

<many a+可算名詞の単数形>
「多くの...」
many a reader は many readers
とほぼ同意だが3人称単数扱い。
この表現は形式的であり、文学的文体や
フォーマルな文章でよく使用される。
Many a student has struggled with this complex math problem.
多くの生徒がこの複雑な数学の問題に苦しんできました。
Many a flower blooms in the springtime.
春には多くの花が咲きます。
All / Few / Most は必ず複数形名詞が伴う。
All students are required to attend the assembly.
全ての学生は集会に参加する必要があります。
There are only a few seats left for the concert.
コンサートのための席は残りわずかです。
Most employees prefer flexible working hours.
ほとんどの従業員は柔軟な労働時間を好む。
正解:③
「多くの読者が知らない単語を飛ばして読む」
Many a reader skips the words that he doesn’t know.
Many readers skip unfamiliar words when reading.
Numerous readers skip words they don't recognize.
A good number of readers skip over words they don't know.
There are plenty of readers who skip words they're unfamiliar with.

【音読基本英文】



「我々は池の中にたくさんの魚がいるのを見た」

We saw a lot of live fish in the pond.
We observed numerous live fish swimming in the pond.
There were a plethora of live fish visible in the pond.
The pond was teeming with live fish.
We witnessed a multitude of live fish in the pond.






「たくさんの人がその集会に出席した」

There were a great many people present at the assembly.
A vast number of individuals were present at the assembly.
The assembly was attended by a considerable crowd.
There was a large gathering of people at the assembly.
Many people congregated at the assembly.






「スミスさんを見るといつも亡くなったジョンソン教授を思い出す」  

Whenever I see Mr. Smith, I think of the late Prof. Johnson.
Whenever I encounter Mr. Smith, memories of the late Prof. Johnson come to mind.
Mr. Smith's presence always reminds me of the late Prof. Johnson.
Thoughts of the late Prof. Johnson arise whenever I see Mr. Smith.
Mr. Smith's presence triggers memories of the late Prof. Johnson.







「今お金をほとんど持っていないので,あなたに夕食をご馳走できない」 

I have so little money with me now that I cannot treat you to dinner.
I currently have so little money that I'm unable to treat you to dinner.
I have such a small amount of money on me right now that I can't take you out for dinner.
I possess very little money at the moment, making it impossible for me to treat you to dinner.
I don't have enough money on hand to take you out for dinner.







「昨日はその件に関するニュースはあまり聞かなかった」

I didn’t hear much news about that yesterday.
I didn't receive much news about that yesterday.
There wasn't a lot of news about that yesterday.
I was informed about that very minimally yesterday.
There was scarce information about that yesterday.






「私が着いたとき,その部屋はかなりの客で込み合っていた」

When I arrived, I found the room crowded with quite a few guests.
Upon my arrival, I found the room packed with numerous guests.
When I got there, the room was filled with quite a few guests.
The room was crowded with a considerable number of guests when I arrived.
I found the room teeming with guests when I arrived.







「その列車事故の後,彼は生きているというよりむしろ死んでいるようだった」

He was more dead than alive after the train crash.
He was barely clinging to life after the train crash.
He was in an almost lifeless state after the train crash.
He was more dead than alive following the train crash.
His condition after the train crash was closer to being deceased than alive.






「ハリソンは最後に目撃されたのは9時半頃だから,その後に殺害されたと我々は考える」

Harrison was last seen alive around 9:30 p.m., so we think he was killed sometime after that.
Harrison was last spotted alive around 9:30 p.m., so we presume he was killed sometime after that.
Since Harrison was last seen alive around 9:30 p.m., we assume he met his demise sometime later.
We believe Harrison was killed after being last seen alive at 9:30 p.m.
Harrison's last sighting was around 9:30 p.m., suggesting his demise occurred after that time.







「その可愛そうな赤ちゃんは泣き止んでまもなく深い眠りに落ちた」

The poor baby stopped crying and soon fell sound asleep.
The distressed baby ceased crying and soon fell into a deep slumber.
The baby stopped crying and quickly drifted into a peaceful sleep.
After the baby stopped crying, it soon fell sound asleep.
The baby quieted down and soon fell into a sound sleep.






「彼らはとても似ているのでどっちがどっちか分からない」

They are so alike that it is difficult to tell which is which.
They resemble each other so much that distinguishing between them is challenging.
They are so similar that it's hard to discern one from the other.
It's difficult to tell them apart because they look so much alike.
Their resemblance is so strong that telling which is which is tough.






「今夜面白いテレビ番組はありますか」

Is there anything good on TV tonight?
Is there anything worth watching on TV tonight?
Are there any good shows on TV tonight?
Is there anything interesting airing on TV tonight?
Are there any quality programs on TV tonight?







「団体予約をしようとしたが,そのホテルは空き部屋がほとんどなかった」

We tried to make group reservations, but there were only a few rooms left at the hotel.
We attempted to make group reservations, but the hotel only had a limited number of rooms left.
We tried to reserve rooms together, but the hotel had only a few rooms available.
There were only a handful of rooms remaining at the hotel when we tried to make group reservations.
The hotel had very few rooms left when we tried to book them together.







「多くの読者が知らない単語を飛ばして読む」

Many a reader skips the words that he doesn’t know.
Many readers skip unfamiliar words when reading.
Numerous readers skip words they don't recognize.
A good number of readers skip over words they don't know.
There are plenty of readers who skip words they're unfamiliar with.



要点整理【形容詞&副詞】

形 容 詞 = 名詞を修飾 or 補語

⑴ 限定用法(=名詞修飾)
 ①〈形容詞+名詞〉
  This is a serious problem.
  これは深刻な問題である。
 ②〈something, anything, nothing, everything+形容詞〉
  Was there anything wrong with the car?
  車の調子が悪いのですか。
 ③〈名詞 ← 形容詞句〉
  Japan is a country poor in natural resources.
  日本は資源に乏しい国である。

⑵ 叙述用法(=C になる)
 ① 補語になる場合
  This problem is serious.
  この問題は深刻である。
 ②〈名詞+形容詞〉
  Those present were all very glad to hear the news.
  出席者はみなその知らせを聞いてとても喜んだ。

⑶ 限定用法のみに用いる形容詞
 ・chief(主な)
 ・main(主な)
 ・mere(ほんの)
 ・only(唯一の)
 ・wooden(木の)
 ・live /laiv/(生きている)

⑷ 叙述用法のみに用いる形容詞
 ★ a-で始まる形容詞
 ・afraid(恐れて)
 ・alike(似て)
 ・alive(生きて)
 ・alone(一人で),
 ・ashamed(恥じて)
 ・asleep(眠って)
 ・awake(目が覚めて)
 ・aware(気付いて)
 ★ 前置詞・不定詞・動名詞を伴う形容詞
 ・be bound for(~行きの)
 ・be inclined to do(~しがちで)
 ・be proud of(~を自慢している)
 ・be subject to(~を受けやすい)
 ・be unable to do(~することができない),
 ・be worth doing(~する価値がある)

⑸ 限定用法と叙述用法では意味の異なる形容詞
   〈 限 定 用 法 〉    〈 叙 述 用 法 〉
certain  ある         確かな
present 現在の        その場にいる
late    最近の/亡くなった   遅れて
ill     悪い 病気で

◆ 数に関する形容詞
         可算名詞     不可算名詞
たくさんの     many       much
たくさんの         a lot of
少しの(肯定)  a few        a little
ほとんど~ない   few        little
少なからぬ    not a few     not a little
         quite a few    quite a little

◆〈人〉を主語に取るか否か
⑴ 〔It is ... for A to do〕
 ・dangerous(危険な)
 ・difficult(難しい)
 ・easy(やさしい)
 ・hard(難しい),
 ・possible(可能な)
 ・impossible(不可能な)

⑵ 〔It is ... for A to do / It is ... that S V〕
 ・convenient(便利な)
 ・inconvenient(不便な)
 ・important(重要な)
 ・unimportant(重要でない)
 ・natural(当然な)
 ・necessary(必要な)
 ・unnecessary(不必要な),
 ・regrettable(遺憾な)

⑶〔人を主語にする形容詞〕
 ・angry(怒った)
 ・glad(喜んで)
 ・happy(楽しい)
 ・sorry(気の毒な)
 ・able(できる)
 ・unable(できない)

◆ その他注意すべき形容詞
⑴ 〔the+形容詞〕
 ・the sick(病人)
 ・the young(若者)
 ・the old(老人)
 ・the living(生きている人),
 ・the dead(死人)
 ・the unemployed(失業者)

⑵『~できる』
 ・人be (un)able to do
 ・人be (in)capable of doing
 ・It is (im)possible for 人 to do

⑶ It is 形容詞 that S should (do) 「S が~するのは○形だ」
 ◇ 主観的判断
 ・natural
 ・no wonder「当然で」
 ・wrong「間違った」
 ・rational「理にかなった」
 ・reasonable「筋の通った」

 ◇ 感情の強調
 ・strange, odd「奇妙な」
 ・surprising「驚くべき」
 ・regrettable, a pity「残念な」
 ・disappointing「つまらない」
 ・absurd「ばかげた」
 ・fortunate「幸いな」
 ・should 省略可
 ・important「重要な」
 ・necessary「必要な」
 ・essential「必要な不可欠な」
 ・proper「適切な」

⑷ 特定の名詞を修飾する形容詞
large/small 「多い/少ない」
 ・population「人口」
 ・number「数」
 ・income「収入」
 ・family「家族」
 ・salary「給料」
 ・audience「聴衆」

high/low 「多い/少ない」
 ・price「価格」
 ・salary「給料」
 ・income「収入」

heavy/light 「多い/少ない」
 ・traffic「交通量」
 ・breakfast「朝食」
 ・meal「食事」

strong/weak 「濃い/薄い」
 ・coffee「コ-ヒ-」
 ・tea「紅茶」

⑸ many ⇔ much ⇔ few ⇔ little〔数量形容詞〕
【数量】
✰ many/ few  ➪ 〈可算名詞〉
✰ much/ little  ➪ 〈不可算名詞〉

【活用】
✰ many[much] - more - most
✰ few - fewer - fewest
✰ little - less - least

【品詞】
✰ many/few/fewer/fewest ➪ 形 or 名
✰ much/more/most/little/least ➪ 形 or 名 or 副

⑹ a の有無での意味のちがい
✰ a few/ a little(肯定的)「少しの~」
✰ few/ little(否定的)「ほとんど~ない」

⑺『多くの~』
✰ 可算名詞名詞につく  ➪ a number of ~
✰ 不可算名詞につく   ➪ a good deal of ~
             a good amount of

⑻ 注意すべき活用形 原級-比較級-最上級
✰ good「良い」・well「元気な,よく」 - better - best
✰ bad 「悪い」・ill「病気の」 - worse - worst
✰ late「時間が遅い」 - later - latest「最新の」
✰ late「順序が遅い」 - latter「後半の」 - last「最後の」

⑼ 後ろに目的語を取る形容詞
 ・worth「~する価値がある」
 ・like「~のように」
 ・unlike「~と違って」
 ・near「~の近くに」
 ・opposite「~の向こう側に」

要点整理〔副詞〕

1〔文中でのハタラキ〕
〈副 詞〉
 動詞・形容詞・副詞・文を修飾 (名詞以外を修飾)
〈形容詞〉
 《 限定用法 》名詞を修飾
 《 叙述用法 》C (補語) になる

2〔基本用例〕
<動詞を修飾>
 He speaks English fluently.
 (彼は流暢に英語を話す)
<形容詞を修飾>
 Your mother is very beautiful.
 (君のお母さんはとても美しい)
<他の副詞を修飾>
 He can speak English fairly well.
 (彼はかなり上手に英語を話せる)
<文修飾>
 Fortunately, he passed the test.
 (幸運にも,彼はテストに合格した)

3〔位置に注意を要するもの〕
【一般の副詞】
 ➪ 文尾か動詞の前
  He plays the piano well.
  (彼はピアノを上手にひく)
【頻度の副詞】
 ➪ 動詞の前
  He is sometimes late to the office.
  (彼は時々会社に遅れる)
【時を表す副詞】
 ➪ 文尾か文頭
  We met him yesterday.
  (我々は昨日彼に会った)
【形容詞/副詞を修飾】
 ➪ その直前
  She can run very fast.
  (彼女はとても早く走れる)
【文修飾】
 ➪ 文頭
  Certainly he promised to come.
  (確かに彼は来ると約束した)
【同種の副詞】
 ➪ 小さい単位が前
  I was born on May 3 in 19800.
  (私は1980 年3 月3 日生まれだ)
【異種の副詞】
 ➪<場所+時>の語順
  I met her at the station on Sunday.
  (彼女に日曜,駅で会った)

4 very / much
✰ very   ➪ 形容詞・副詞/現在分詞/原級
✰ much  ➪ 動詞/過去分詞/比較級・最上級

<very+現在分詞>
His story was very interesting.
(彼の話はとても面白かった)
<very+原形>
His book was very good.
(彼の本はとても良かった)
<the very+最上級>
He is the very best player on this cocker team.
(彼はこのチームでまさに最高の選手だ)
<the very+名詞句>
This is the very book he has looking for.
(これはまさに彼が探してきた本だ)
<much+過去分詞>
The teacher was much disliked.
(彼の態度はとても嫌われていた)
<much+比較級>
His house is much larger than mine.
(彼の家は私のよりもずっと大きい)
<much the+最上級>
She is much the best singer in this country.
(彼女はこの国で抜群にうまい歌手だ)

◆ much を含む重要表現
<much too+形容詞/副詞>
「大いに,非常に」
 He is much too young.
 (彼は若すぎる)
<much to+所有格+感情名詞>
「~したことに」
 Much to my surprise[disappointment], he betray us.
 (驚いたこと[がっかりしたことに]彼は我々を裏切った)
<much+the same>
「ほぼ同じ」
 He is in much the same condition as yesterday.
 (彼は昨日とほぼ同じ容態だ)


5 ago / before
✰ ago  ➪ 過去形と併用/単独不可
   I saw the movie three days ago.
   (その映画を三日前に見た)
✰ before  ➪ 完了形と併用/単独可
   I have seen the movie before.
   (その映画を前に見た)

6『最近』
✰ nowadays  ➪ 現在時制
✰ these days ➪ 現在時制
✰ recently   ➪ 現在完了/過去時制
✰ lately     ➪ 現在完了/過去時制
✰ of late    ➪ 現在完了/過去時制
-s(複数形)が繰り返し(現在時制の基本概念)を暗示している。
古い英語では-s の名詞は副詞扱いされていた。
nowadays やevenings「毎晩」などはその名残り。

7 頻度の副詞
✰ always       ➪ 100% 「いつも」
✰ usually, generally  ➪ 80% 「ふつうは」
✰ often, frequently   ➪ 60% 「よく」
✰ not always     ➪ 「必ずしも~というわけではない」
✰ sometimes     ➪ 50% 「時々」
✰ occasionally    ➪ 40% 「ときたま」
✰ seldom       ➪ 20% 「めったに~ない」
✰ rarely        ➪ 20% 「めったに~ない」
✰ never        ➪ 0% 「一度も~ない」

8 -ly の有無で意味の異なる副詞
hard「一生懸命に」 ⇔  hardly「ほとんど~ない」
late「遅く」     ⇔  lately「最近」
near「近くに」   ⇔ nearly「ほとんど」
high「高く」    ⇔ highly「大いに」
short「短く」    ⇔ shortly「まもなく」
sharp「きっかりに」  ⇔ sharply「鋭く」
most「もっとも」/mostly「たいていは」/almost「ほとんど」
✰ most  ➪ 形容詞 or 代名詞「ほとんど(の)」
✰ almost  ➪ 副詞「ほとんど」

9 強調の副詞
原級/比較級/最上級の強調
【原級の強調】
 ✰ very
  「とても」
【比較級の強調】
 ✰ much
 ✰ far
 ✰ even
 ✰ still
 ✰ yet
 ✰ a great deal
 ✰ a lot
 ✰ lots
  「よりいっそう」
【最上級の強調】
 ✰ by far
 ✰ much
  「ずばぬけて」
【否定の強調】
 ✰ not+at all
 ✰ in the least
 ✰ a bit
 ✰ whatever
 ✰ simply
 ✰ by no means
 ✰ in no way
 ✰ on no account
 ✰ far from~
 ✰ anything but~
【疑問詞の強調】
 ✰ on earth
 ✰ in the world
 ✰ the devil
  「いったい」


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