マイベストプロ神戸
TEX 二井原

英検1級取得者によるオンライン個別指導のプロ

TEX 二井原(てっくすにいはら) / 英語講師

英語パーソナルジム HIET(ヒート)/ High Intensity English Training

コラム

英文法5分ドリル【関係詞・接続詞】③

2023年11月21日 公開 / 2023年12月2日更新

テーマ:大学入試・TOEIC・英検

コラムカテゴリ:スクール・習い事


本記事は独学・国内学習による
英検1級保持者が書きました。

Cormorant fishing, (   ) ukai, found in Japan near Kyoto and Gifu, is a popular seasonal tourist attraction.
  ① but
  ② so
  ③ and
  ④ or

基本構造は、
Cormorant fishing(S) is(V) a popular seasonal tourist attraction(C)
空所を含む(,)カンマで挟まれた箇所は〈挿入〉扱い。
cormorant「鵜」
or〈言い換え・補足〉
この場合の or の前には通例カンマが置かれる。
ex.) I’m majoring in psychology, or the science of the mind.
 (私は心理学,すなわち精神の科学を専攻しています)
正解:④ 
「鳥を使ったフィッシング,すなわち鵜飼は日本の京都,岐阜近郊付近で見られる観光客向けに人気の季節アトラクションだ」  
Cormorant fishing, or ukai, found in Japan near Kyoto and Gifu, is a popular seasonal tourist attraction.
Cormorant fishing, known as ukai, a seasonal tourist attraction, is popular in Japan near Kyoto and Gifu.
Cormorant fishing, referred to as ukai, is a favored seasonal tourist attraction in Japan near Kyoto and Gifu.
Ukai, or Cormorant fishing, is a well-liked seasonal tourist attraction found in Japan near Kyoto and Gifu.




He has a slight fever. That is (    ) he will not go to the concert.
  ① which
  ② because
  ③ why
  ④ when

[結果]That’s because[原因]「というのは~だから」
[原因]That’s why[結果]「そういうわけで」
正解:③ 
「彼は少し熱がある。そういうわけでコンサートに行かなかった」   
He has a slight fever. That is why he will not go to the concert.
"Due to his slight fever, he won't be attending the concert."
"His slight fever means he won't make it to the concert."
"Because of his slight fever, he has decided not to go to the concert."
"If he didn't have a slight fever, he would have gone to the concert."
"Were it not for his slight fever, he'd be at the concert."
"In the absence of his slight fever, he'd have been able to attend the concert."
"Despite his slight fever, he won't be going to the concert."
"Although he has a slight fever, his decision is not to attend the concert."
"His slight fever notwithstanding, he's chosen to skip the concert."



The time will come (   ) we can go by train from Nagoya to Tokyo in an hour.
  ① if
  ② when
  ③ where
  ④ which

the time を先行詞に持つ when 節はよく後置されて,
先行詞と分離された形になる。
この場合のwhen は省略不可。
以下類例。
The time will surely come when you’ll understand what I say.
(私の言うことを君が理解する時が必ず来るだろう)
正解:② 
「東京,名古屋間を列車で1時間という時代が来るだろう」
The time will come when we can go by train from Nagoya to Tokyo in an hour.
The time will come when we can cover the distance from Nagoya to Tokyo in an hour by train.
There will be a time when traveling by train from Nagoya to Tokyo in an hour becomes possible.
A time will arrive when we can reach Tokyo from Nagoya in an hour by train.






John (    ) really likes this place.
  ① who is from New York
  ② , that is from New York,
  ③ that is from New York
  ④ , who is from New York,

先行詞が固有名詞や世の中に1つしかないものは
限定しようがない。
よって原則として継続(非制限)用法で用いる。
また that は限定性が強いために継続(非制限)用法はない。
John を限定用法で表すのは同名の人間がいる場合で,
その場合、次のようになるはず。
 The John who is …
正解:④ 
「ジョンはニューヨーク出身だがこの場所が本当に好きだ」    
John , who is from New York, really likes this place.
John, hailing from New York, has a strong fondness for this place.
This place is greatly liked by John, who originates from New York.
A person who really enjoys this place is John, and he's from New York.






Nowadays the kitchen has become a place (    ) you simply do the cooking and wash-up and nothing else.
  ① When
  ② as
  ③ where
  ④ which

S V 構造が2つ。
空所の後は完全な文構造が成立。
よって②④は消去。
 the kitchen has become a place
 you simply do the cooking and wash-up and nothing else in it
 ⇒The kitchen has become a place which you …in.
   which=a place=it(代名詞)
 =The kitchen has become a place [ in which you … ].
   前置詞+代名詞=副詞(M)
  where=in a place=in it=there(副詞)
where は2文をつなぐ働きと
there(副詞)の働きを併せ持つ為に《関係副詞》と呼ぶ。
正解:③ 
「今日ではキッチンは単に料理をして,お皿を洗うだけの場所になっている」
Nowadays the kitchen has become a place where you simply do the cooking and wash-up and nothing else.
Nowadays, the kitchen serves only for cooking and washing up, devoid of any other purpose.
The kitchen today is solely utilized for cooking and washing up, with no additional functions.
In recent times, the kitchen is merely a space for cooking and washing dishes without any other activities.

 



The town (    ) the international conference was held last year is near the lake.
  ① in that
  ② in where
  ③ which
  ④ in which

 The town is near the lake.
 The international conference was held in it last year.
⇒ The town [ which the international conference was held in last year] is near the lake.
international conference「国際会議」
hold「(式・会)をもよおす,開催する」
まず,The town(S) … was(V)の骨格を見抜いて,空所の後
 the international conference was held last year
が完全な文構造。
よって空所には〈関係副詞〉か〈前置詞+関係代名詞〉が必要。
③which,②in whereを消去。
前置詞の後に関係代名詞 that は語法的に不可なので①in thatも失格。
一般に,関係副詞=前置詞+関係代名詞と言える。
☆ where=in[at, on] which
☆ when=in[at, on] which
☆ why=for which
☆ how=in which
  China is a country which I want to visit.
 China is a country where I want to live.
 China is a country (which) I want to live in.
 China is a country in which I want to live.
正解:④ 
「去年,国際会議が開かれた町は湖の近くだ」 
The town in which the international conference was held last year is near the lake.
The town where the international conference occurred last year is located near the lake.
Near the lake lies the town where the international conference took place last year.
The town hosting last year's international conference is close to the lake.








“Why do you skip lunch every day?”
“That’s (   ) I lose weight.”
  ① how
  ② way
  ③ when
  ④ where

『SがVする方法』                        
◎ how S V
◎ the way S V
◎ the way in which S V
× the way how S V
〔理由〕That is why 「そうゆうわけで」  
〔方法〕That is how 「そのようにして」
〔場所〕That is where 「ここが~の場所だ」   
〔 時 〕 That is when 「これが~の時だ」
正解:① 
「どうして毎日お昼ごはん抜くのですか」「そうやってダイエットするのです」    
“Why do you skip lunch every day?”
“That’s how I lose weight.”
“Why do you skip lunch every day?”
“That’s my method for losing weight.”
“Skipping lunch is how I manage to lose weight.”





The way (    ) political campaigns are conducted varies widely from country to country.
  ① in that
  ② in which
  ③ when
  ④ how

問題文は次の2文合成。
 The way varies widely from country to country.  
 Political campaigns are conducted in the way .
➪ The way [ which political campaigns…in ] varies …
・political「政治の」 
・conduct「行う」 
・vary「異なる」 
・widely「幅広く」
The way(S) … varies(V) の骨格を掴む。
空所の後が完全な文構造成立。
 political campaigns are conducted
空所は関係副詞か前置詞+関係代名詞が必要。
the way how とは言わないので④は失格。
前置詞の後に関係代名詞 that は使えないので①も不可。
③ when は先行詞に時を表す表現が置かれる。
the way は in the way の表現で用いられる。
この2点から② in whichが正解と分かる。
 in the way that seems most appropriate to A
 「Aにとって最もふさわしいと思える方法で」
ちなみに in the way は「方法」だけでなく
「じゃまになる」の意の成句としても重要。
 ex.) get[stand] in the way of agreement
  「合意の妨げになる」
正解:② 
「政治キャンペーンの行われる方法は国によって様々だ」        
The way in which political campaigns are conducted varies widely from country to country.
Political campaigns are conducted in diverse ways across different countries.
The conduct of political campaigns varies significantly from country to country.
There's a wide-ranging difference in how political campaigns are carried out from one country to another.






He must have had some accident on the way, (    ) he would have been here by now.
  ① and
  ② before
  ③ if
  ④ or

on the way「途中で」
or を言い換えると
 if he had not had some accident on the way
また,or を or else/otherwise[接]としてもよい。
正解:④ 
「彼は事故に会ったに違いない。そうでなければ,今ごろはもうここについているだろう」
He must have had some accident on the way, or he would have been here by now.
He likely encountered an accident on the way; otherwise, he would have arrived here by now.
He must have faced an accident on the way, or else he would have reached here by now.
If he hadn't encountered an accident on the way, he would have been here already.







You have to hurry (    ) you want to go with them.
  ① either
  ② if
  ③ so
  ④ then

if
(a)〔副詞節〕
 ①《仮定・条件》「もし…なら」
 ②《譲歩》「たとえ…でも」(=even if )
(b)〔名詞節〕「…かどうか」(=whether…or not )
空所の前は、
You have to hurry
と完全な文構造が成立。
空所以降が名詞要素になることは無い。
④ thenを用いるなら前後の文を逆に入れ替えるが,
then は副詞なので次のように言う。
 If you want to go with them, then you have to hurry.
正解:② 
「彼らと一緒に行きたいのなら、急がないとだめです」   
You have to hurry if you want to go with them.
You need to hurry if you intend to join them.
If you want to go with them, you have to hurry.
To accompany them, you must hurry.






(    ) it rained, everyone had a good time.
  ① Although
  ② However time
  ③ Though much
  ④ How much

S V 構造が2つなので空所に接続詞が必要。
S V と S V の内容が対立的。
《譲歩》を表す接続詞 (al)though「~にもかかわらず」
を用いる。
③は much の意味が不明。
書き換えると,
 Despite[In spite of] rain, everyone had a good time.
正解:① 
「雨にもかかわらず、皆楽しい時を過ごした」     
Although it rained, everyone had a good time.
Despite the rain, everyone had a great time.
Everyone had a great time despite the rain.
The rain didn't hinder everyone from having a good time.






(    ) I overslept, I missed the bus.
  ① Until
  ② Before
  ③ As
  ④ Morning

S V構造が二つ。
空所に接続詞が必要。
④を消去。
as が接続詞として理由を表している。
《理由》を表すas節は普通主節の前。
接続詞のasは意味がルーズなため,
米語やビジネスの場面では避けられている。
正解:③ 
「寝過ごしたので,バスに乗り遅れた」     
As I overslept, I missed the bus.
Due to oversleeping, I missed the bus.
Missing the bus resulted from oversleeping.
I missed the bus because I overslept.





 

Write down this phone number before (   ).
  ① you don’t forget
  ② you won’t forget
  ③ you forget
  ④ you’ll forget

before が時の副詞節を導いている為、現在時制を用いる。
willを用いた④は失格。 
beforeは「…する前に」 の意味だが
「…しないうちに」とよく否定的に訳出される。
これは日本語の問題。
英作文で,日本語につられて before 以下を否定文
にしてしまう誤答をよく見かける。 
二つの事柄の時間的前後関係を表す
接続詞は before と after。それぞれ、
前に時間差を示す表現をつけることがある。
 2 hours before ~
 2 hours after ~ 
正解:③ 
「忘れてしまう前にこの電話番号を書きとめて」 
Write down this phone number beforeyou forget .
Before you forget, make sure to write down this phone number.
Write down this phone number before it slips your mind.
Don't forget to jot down this phone number.








The children were (    ) excited by the prospect of going to the zoo that we could not keep them quiet.
  ① much
  ② so
  ③ such
  ④ very

so+形/副+that …の soは「それ程」の意の副詞で
「それ程興奮していた,
つまりthat以下の程度にまで」の文意。
prospect 「見込み」
次の〈so…that構文〉は soが「そのように」の意味の副詞。
The world is so made that someone loves you. 〔様態〕
(この世は,だれかが(あなたを)愛してくれるよう(な具合)にできているのです)
正解:② 
「子供達は動物園にいくとあって,静かにさせることが出来ないほど興奮していた」
The children were so excited by the prospect of going to the zoo that we could not keep them quiet.
The children were so enthusiastic about the prospect of going to the zoo that we couldn't quiet them down.
The anticipation of going to the zoo had the children so excited that we couldn't calm them.
The children were too thrilled about the idea of going to the zoo, making it impossible for us to keep them quiet.








Don’t despise a man just (    ) he is poor.
  ① because
  ② for
  ③ since
  ④ in case

<not … because S V >「~だからといって…ではない」 
for, since, as も理由を表すがこの構文では使えない。
また,beause のみが次の2個が可能。
 ★ only/just/simplyなどで強調できる
 ★《強調構文》の強調部分に置ける
(我々が戻るのを決めたのは彼が病気になったからだ)
◎ It was because he got sick that we decided to return.
× It was as he got sick that we decided to return.
× It was since he got sick that we decided to return.

【参考】〈否定〉の射程
次の文では解釈の可能性が2つある。
She did not come home because it was raining.
(a) 雨が降っていたから帰ってこなかった
(b) 雨が降っていたから帰ってきたのではない
正解:① 
「貧しいからというだけで,人を軽蔑してはならない」       
Don’t despise a man just because he is poor.
Never look down on a man just because of his poverty.
Don't judge a man solely based on his poverty.
A person's poverty should not be a reason for contempt.


音読基本英文



「鳥を使ったフィッシング,すなわち鵜飼は日本の京都,岐阜近郊付近で見られる観光客向けに人気の季節アトラクションだ」  

Cormorant fishing, or ukai, found in Japan near Kyoto and Gifu, is a popular seasonal tourist attraction.
Cormorant fishing, known as ukai, a seasonal tourist attraction, is popular in Japan near Kyoto and Gifu.
Cormorant fishing, referred to as ukai, is a favored seasonal tourist attraction in Japan near Kyoto and Gifu.
Ukai, or Cormorant fishing, is a well-liked seasonal tourist attraction found in Japan near Kyoto and Gifu.






「彼は少し熱がある。そういうわけでコンサートに行かなかった」   

He has a slight fever. That is why he will not go to the concert.
"Due to his slight fever, he won't be attending the concert."
"His slight fever means he won't make it to the concert."
"Because of his slight fever, he has decided not to go to the concert."
"If he didn't have a slight fever, he would have gone to the concert."
"Were it not for his slight fever, he'd be at the concert."
"In the absence of his slight fever, he'd have been able to attend the concert."
"Despite his slight fever, he won't be going to the concert."
"Although he has a slight fever, his decision is not to attend the concert."
"His slight fever notwithstanding, he's chosen to skip the concert."



  


「東京,名古屋間を列車で1時間という時代が来るだろう」

The time will come when we can go by train from Nagoya to Tokyo in an hour.
The time will come when we can cover the distance from Nagoya to Tokyo in an hour by train.
There will be a time when traveling by train from Nagoya to Tokyo in an hour becomes possible.
A time will arrive when we can reach Tokyo from Nagoya in an hour by train.







「ジョンはニューヨーク出身だがこの場所が本当に好きだ」    

John , who is from New York, really likes this place.
John, hailing from New York, has a strong fondness for this place.
This place is greatly liked by John, who originates from New York.
A person who really enjoys this place is John, and he's from New York.







「今日ではキッチンは単に料理をして,お皿を洗うだけの場所になっている」

Nowadays the kitchen has become a place where you simply do the cooking and wash-up and nothing else.
Nowadays, the kitchen serves only for cooking and washing up, devoid of any other purpose.
The kitchen today is solely utilized for cooking and washing up, with no additional functions.
In recent times, the kitchen is merely a space for cooking and washing dishes without any other activities.






「去年,国際会議が開かれた町は湖の近くだ」 

The town in which the international conference was held last year is near the lake.
The town where the international conference occurred last year is located near the lake.
Near the lake lies the town where the international conference took place last year.
The town hosting last year's international conference is close to the lake.




  


「どうして毎日お昼ごはん抜くのですか」「そうやってダイエットするのです」    

“Why do you skip lunch every day?”
“That’s how I lose weight.”
“Why do you skip lunch every day?”
“That’s my method for losing weight.”
“Skipping lunch is how I manage to lose weight.”







「政治キャンペーンの行われる方法は国によって様々だ」        

The way in which political campaigns are conducted varies widely from country to country.
Political campaigns are conducted in diverse ways across different countries.
The conduct of political campaigns varies significantly from country to country.
There's a wide-ranging difference in how political campaigns are carried out from one country to another.





「彼は事故に会ったに違いない。そうでなければ,今ごろはもうここについているだろう」

He must have had some accident on the way, or he would have been here by now.
He likely encountered an accident on the way; otherwise, he would have arrived here by now.
He must have faced an accident on the way, or else he would have reached here by now.
If he hadn't encountered an accident on the way, he would have been here already.







「彼らと一緒に行きたいのなら、急がないとだめです」   

You have to hurry if you want to go with them.
You need to hurry if you intend to join them.
If you want to go with them, you have to hurry.
To accompany them, you must hurry.






「雨にもかかわらず、皆楽しい時を過ごした」     

Although it rained, everyone had a good time.
Despite the rain, everyone had a great time.
Everyone had a great time despite the rain.
The rain didn't hinder everyone from having a good time.







「寝過ごしたので,バスに乗り遅れた」     

As I overslept, I missed the bus.
Due to oversleeping, I missed the bus.
Missing the bus resulted from oversleeping.
I missed the bus because I overslept.







「忘れてしまう前にこの電話番号を書きとめて」 

Write down this phone number beforeyou forget .
Before you forget, make sure to write down this phone number.
Write down this phone number before it slips your mind.
Don't forget to jot down this phone number.







「子供達は動物園にいくとあって,静かにさせることが出来ないほど興奮していた」

The children were so excited by the prospect of going to the zoo that we could not keep them quiet.
The children were so enthusiastic about the prospect of going to the zoo that we couldn't quiet them down.
The anticipation of going to the zoo had the children so excited that we couldn't calm them.
The children were too thrilled about the idea of going to the zoo, making it impossible for us to keep them quiet.



   



「貧しいからというだけで,人を軽蔑してはならない」       

Don’t despise a man just because he is poor.
Never look down on a man just because of his poverty.
Don't judge a man solely based on his poverty.
A person's poverty should not be a reason for contempt.



要点整理ノート【関係詞】

Ⅰ. 2文合成
☆ 主格
I know an American .
He speaks Japanese well.
➪ I know an American who speaks Japanese well.
 ★人称・数は先行詞に一致する
(a) She has a son who lives in Tokyo.
(b) She has two sons who live in Tokyo.

☆ 目的格
The steak was good.
I ate it yesterday.
➪ The steak which I ate yesterday was good.
 ★目的格の関係代名詞は省略可
=The steak I ate yesterday was good.

Ⅱ. whose
⑴ He was reading a book . I didn't know its title.
 ➪ He was reading a book whose title I didn't know.
  彼は,私が題名を知らない本を読んでいた
⑵ He was reading a book . I didn't know the title of the book .
 ➪ He was reading a book the title of which I didn't know.
  彼は,私が題名を知らない本を読んでい

Ⅲ. 関係代名詞 & 関係副詞
関係代名詞と関係副詞の使い分け:
次の空所はwhich かwhere か?
★ This is the place (   ) I lived.
  これが私の住んでいた場所です。
*空所にwhich は不可。
I lived the place.とは言えない。
live が自動詞。
正解はwhere か in which。
★ This is the place (   ) I visited.
 これが私の訪ねた場所です。
*関係副詞where は不可。
visit は他動詞で I visited the place. と言える。
よってwhich が正解。
以上から言えることは,
関係代名詞と関係副詞は後ろの文構造が異なる。

 ❑ 関係代名詞  ➪ 不完全文
 ❑ 関係副詞   ➪ 完全文

Ⅳ. < 前置詞+関係代名詞 >
〈前置詞+関係代名詞〉は前提となるセットフレーズがある。
1. 右側の動詞部分に注目し,熟語を見抜く  
  ☞ be successful in
Poor planning may result in choosing a job in which you will not be truly successful.
 (1) Poor planning may result in choosing a job.
 (2) You will not be truly successful in the job.
  計画がひどいと,まともに成功しない職を選ぶことになる。

2. 左側の先行詞に注目し,熟語を見抜く  
  ☞ under the conditions
The conditions under which these works were created were usually of a most difficult kind.
 (1) The conditions were usually of a most difficult kind.
 (2) These works were created under the conditions. * under the condition = under them
  この素晴らしい作品が作られた状況は通常,非常に困難な種のものであった

3. 右側の動詞と左側の先行詞の両方を見て見抜く
  ☞ talk with
She is the girl with whom I talked yesterday.
(彼女は私が昨日話をした女の子です)
 (1) She is the girl.
 (2) I talked with her yesterday.
◆ 一般に関係副詞=前置詞+関係代名詞と言える
☆ where =in[at, on] which
☆ when =in[at, on] which
☆ why =for which
☆ how =in which
 China is a country which I want to visit.
 =China is a country where I want to live.
 =China is a country (which) I want to live in.
 =China is a country in which I want to live.

Ⅴ. 継続用法
(1) I said nothing, which made him still more angry.
 ➪ I said nothing, and it made him still more angry.
  私は何も言わなかったが,そのため彼は一層腹を立てた。

(2) I respect his father, who is a great scholar.
 ➪ I respect his father, for he is a great scholar.
  私は彼のお父さんを尊敬しています。というのも,彼は偉大な学者だからです。

(3) Alice, who is the brightest girl in the class, solved it.
 ➪ Alice, because she is the brightest girl in the class, solved it.
  アリスはクラスで一番頭のいい少女なので,それを解いた。

(4) He spoke English and French, neither of which I could understand.
 ➪ He spoke English and French, but I could understand neither of them.
  彼は英語とフランス語を話したが,私はそのどちらも理解できなかった。

(5) I went into the restaurant, where I happened to meet her.
 ➪ I went into the restaurant, and there I happened to meet her.
  私はそのレストランに入って,そこで偶然彼女に会った。

Ⅵ. 〔関係形容詞〕
❑ what〈関係形容詞〉「少ないながらもすべての〜」
 He gave me what little money he had.
 彼は私に少ないながらもすべてのお金をくれた。

❑ which〈関係形容詞〉「その〜」
 The letter was written in French, which language I do not understand.
 =The letter was written in French, and I do not understand the language.
 その手紙はフランス語で書かれていたが,その言葉は私にはわからない。

Ⅶ. I think (believe/suppose)
I saw a woman who (I thought) was a friend of my mothers.
(⺟の友人だと思われる婦人を見かけました)
<who/which+SV+V’X> 構造を
『連鎖関係詞』
と言う。
SV を〈挿入〉と考えて
文構造から取り除いて考えると分かり易い。
以下類例。
Do what (you think)is right.
自分が正しいと思うことをしなさい。
Which is the girl whom (you said)he was going out with ?
彼がつき合っていると君が言った女の子はどの子ですか。

Ⅷ. 文または文の一部を先行詞とする関係詞
(1) Her father returned home from abroad, which made her very glad.
 彼女の父は外国から帰ってきたが,そのことで彼は大変喜んだ。

(2) She said she had no money, which was a lie.
 彼女は金がないといったが,それはうそだった。

(3) I advised him to give up drinking, which he never did.
 私は彼に酒をやめるように忠告したが,彼は決してそうしなかった。

(4) As is often the case with Nancy, she was late for school again.
 ナンシーにはよくあることだが,彼女はまた学校に遅刻した。

★関係詞が分離する場合
(1) Jane is the only one of her family that has no love for rock music.
 ジェーンは家族の中でロックが好きではないただ1 人の人間だ。

(2) He knows that way of speaking which attracts everyone.
 彼は皆を引きつける話し方を心得ている。

Ⅸ. 関係代名詞 than
He does not have the money. + The money is needed.
(a) He does not have the money which is needed.
 彼は必要なお金を持っていない。
(b) He does not have more money than is needed.
 彼は必要以上のお金を持っていない。

(1) He has more money than he had last year.
 彼は去年以上にお金を持っている
(2) I have more money than I can spend.
 私は使いきれないくらいのお金を持っている。

Ⅹ. 複合関係詞 whoever・whomever
◆ 〔名詞節〕
whoever/whomever…
「〜する人はだれでも」
 (1) You may invite to the party whoever likes to come .
  来たい人なら誰でもパーティーに招待していいよ。
 (2) He spoke to whomever he met.
  彼は会う人なら誰でも話しかけた。

◆ 〔副詞節〕
whoever (=no matter who) …「誰が〜しても」
whomever (=no matter whom) …「誰に(を)〜しても」
 Whoever comes, I won't let him in.
 たとえ誰が来ようとも,中には入れないよ。
 Whomever she invites , she is very kind to him.
 たとえ誰を招待しても,彼女はとても親切だ。

Ⅺ. 連鎖関係詞
whenever・wherever
〔副詞節〕「〜するときはいつでも」・「〜する所はどこでも」
❑ whenever ~ (=no matter when ~) 「いつ〜しても」
❑ wherever ~ (=no matter where ~) 「どこに〜しても」
(1) He'll give you advice whenever you ask for it.
 あなたが求めればいつでも彼はあなたに助言を与えてくれますよ
(2) Sit wherever you like.
 好きな所ならどこでもすわりなさい。

whichever
〔名詞節〕 「〜するものはどちらでも」
(1) Take whichever you like.
 あなたの好きなものをどちらでも取りなさい。
(2) You may use whichever dictionary there is on the desk.
 机の上にあるのならどちらの辞書でも使ってもいいよ。

〔副詞節〕 「どちらが(を)〜しても」= no matter which ~
(1) Whichever wins, I'll be happy.
 どちらが勝っても,私はうれしい
(2) Whichever side wins, I'll be happy.
 どちらの側が勝っても,私はうれしい。

whatever
〔名詞節〕「〜するものは何でも」「どんな〜でも」
(1) I will do whatever I can do for you.
 私はあなたのためにできることなら何でもしてあげよう。
(2) Please sing whatever song you know.
 あなたの知っているのならどんな歌でも歌ってください。

〔副詞節〕
「何が(を)〜しても」
「どんな…が〜しても」(=no matter what ~)
(1) Whatever you ( may ) say, I don't believe you.
 君が何を言っても,私は信じない。
(2) Whatever language you study, you cannot master it in a short time.
 どんな言語を学ぶにしても,短時間では習得できない。
no ~ whatever「少しの~もない」<否定の強調>
I know nothing whatever about it.
私はそれについて全く何も知らない

however
〔副詞節〕
「どんなに〜でも」
「どんな方法で〜しても」(=no matter how)
(1) The novel, however interesting ( it is ), is not good for children.
 どんなにおもしろくても,その小説は子供にはよくない。
(2) However we ( may ) go, we must get there by seven.
 どんな方法で行くにしても,7 時までにそこに着かねばならない。
(3) However often you ( may ) try that way, you will not succeed.
 その方法では何度やっても,成功しないだろう。
cf.) 論理接続の副詞「しかしながら」
 Air travel is fast; sea travel is, however, restful.
 空の旅は速い,しかし,船旅は落ち着く。

◆ 複合関係詞 まとめ
⑴ 複合関係代名詞 ➪ 名詞節
whoever(whomever), whichever, whatever
Whatever has a beginning has an end.
始まりがあるものは何でも終わりがある。
The club admits whoever pays the entry fee.
そのクラブは入会料金を払う者なら誰でも受け入れます。
Don’t tell it to whomever you don’t trust.
信頼していない人には誰であろうとそれを伝えないで。
Choose whichever you think better.
君が良いと思うほうのどちらでも選んでよいです。

⑵ 複合関係代名詞・複合関係副詞 ➪ 副詞節
whoever(whomever), whichever, whatever
whenever, wherever, however
Whoever may come, tell him I’m out.
=No matter who may come, tell him I’m out.
誰が来ようとも,私は不在であると伝えてください。
Whatever may happen, I will never change my mind.
= No matter what may happen, I will never change my mind.
何が起ころうとも,私は決して考えを変えません。
Whenever you may visit him, you will find him studying.
= No matter when you may visit him, you will find him studying.
いつ訪問しても,彼は勉強しているよ。
However hard he may try, he will not succeed.
= No matter how hard he may try, he will not succeed.
どんなにがんばっても,彼は成功しないだろう。


今後も英語学習に関わる情報、体験談を発信していきます。

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TEX 二井原

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TEX 二井原(英語パーソナルジム HIET(ヒート)/ High Intensity English Training)

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