英文法5分ドリル【時制②】

本記事は独学・国内学習による
英検1級保持者が書きました。

since this morningが過去から現在まで至る時間を表すために
現在完了形〈have done〉を用いて現時点まの継続を表す。　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　
正解：③
「なんて忙しい日なのだ. 今朝から何も食べてない」
What a busy day! I haven’t had anything to eat since this morning.
What a hectic day! I haven't consumed anything since the morning.
Such a bustling day! I've been without food since this morning.

four times this yearで時が経過した後の未来を
示しているので，その未来の時点 までの経験
を表す為に来完了形〈will have done〉を用いる．
Ifが条件の副詞節をまとめているために，そ
の節内は現在時制が用いられている。　
正解：④
「もし京都にもう1回行かなければならないなら，今年4回行ったことになる」　
If I have to go to Kyoto once more, I will have visited it four times this year.
Should I make another trip to Kyoto, I will have been there four times this year.
Going to Kyoto one more time would mean I've visited it four times this year.

for the past [last] three years 「この3年間」　
このように期間を表す副詞表現をともなって
「死んだ状態が続いている」
とする英語の表現法がある．問題文を書き換えると，
　　☆ It has been [is] three years since their only son died.
　　☆ Three years have passed since their only son died.
　　☆ Their only son died three years ago.
正解：④
「彼らのたった1人の息子は亡くなって3年になる」
Their only son has been dead for the past three years.
Their sole son passed away three years ago.
For the last three years, their only son has been deceased.

Have you ever seen … ? は現在完了形の疑問文で
答えも普通は Yes, I have. などと言う。
しかし ここでは yesterday が明確に過去の1時点
を表す表現であるために現在完了形と併用不可。
現在完了形は現在形の一種。したがって、
明確に過去の1時点を示す表現とは相容れない。
現在完了と併用不可の表現は次のとおり。
☆ just now
☆ yesterday
☆ last week
☆ in 1980
☆ ～ ago
☆ when …?
☆ what time …?
正解：①
「あの映画見ましたか」
「ええ，実は昨日見ました」
“Have you ever seen that movie?”
“Yes. Actually I saw it yesterday.”
"Have you watched that film before?"
"Yes, I caught it just yesterday."
"Did you ever see that movie?"
"Yes, in fact, I watched it yesterday."

went の示す過去の一時点までの完了を表す
過去完了〈had done〉を用いる。
asは理由を表す接続詞。
正解：③
「授業の準備が出来たので，散歩に出かけた」
As I had prepared my lessons, I went for a walk.
Having finished preparing my lessons, I took a walk.
I went for a walk after getting my lessons ready.

「25歳」という過去の一時点までの経験を表す為に
過去完了形〈had done〉を用いる。
過去完了形を選ぶ問題では基準時が“過去”であることが，
文中表現によって示されていると言える。
正解：②
「25歳までに彼女は5カ国で生活した」　　
By the age of 25, she had lived in five different countries.
Before turning 25, she had resided in five distinct countries.
She had experienced living in five different countries by the age of 25.

tomorrow は未来を表す表現。
その時点までの経験なので
未来完了〈will have done〉を用いる。
正解：②
「明日旅を終えた時，彼は1000キロ以上旅したことになる」
When he reaches the end of his trip tomorrow,
he will have traveled more than 1000 kilometers.
As he concludes his journey tomorrow.
When he finishes his trip tomorrow.

as soon as 「 ～ するとすぐに」は副詞節をまとめる表現。
次ぎの書き換えも重要。
その恐ろしい光景を見たとたんに，彼は青くなった。
On seeing the terrible sight, he turned pale.
As soon as he saw the terrible sight, he turned pale.
The moment he saw the terrible sight, he turned pale.
　＊turn pale：真っ青になる
時の副詞節内なので未来完了〈will have done〉
ではなく現在完了〈have done〉を用いる。
正解：④
「君が終り次第，夕食の準備をしたい」　　
As soon as you have done that, I’d like you to start preparing supper.
Once you've completed that task, please start preparing dinner.
After finishing that, could you begin preparing supper?

過去の一時点で働くことを終えたので過去形を用いる。
疑問詞 whenで始まる疑問文で「現在までのいつ」
を問う場合，過去時制を用いる。
be through with A 「Aを終えている」
正解：①
「えっ，もう終っているのですか。いつ仕事が終了したのですか」
Oh, you are through with the work. When did you finish it?
Oh, you've completed the work. When did you wrap it up?
You're done with the task. When did you finish it?

last Friday という過去の一時点までの継続を
because 節の内容として表している。よって、
過去完了進行形〈had been doing〉を用いる。
正解：①
「この前の金曜のテストの後疲れてしまった．それまでの1週間一日中働き詰めだったから」　
I was tired after the test last Friday, because I had been working all day long every day for a week.
After the test last Friday, I felt exhausted since I had been working every day for a week.
I was tired last Friday after the test because I had been working continuously for a week.

現在完了 〈have done〉で現在を基点として，
現在までの経験を表す用法。
a major airline → any of the big onesの流れを捉える．
正解：②
「さて，君は一流の航空便に乗ったことがあるかどうかときいているのだね．君と同じで大手の便にはどれも乗ったことはないよ」　　　　
Now, you ask me if I’ve flown a major airline. Like you, I have never been on any of the big ones.
You're asking if I've flown with a major airline. Just like you, I haven't been on any of the major ones.
You inquire about major airlines. Similar to you, I've never flown with any of the major ones.

by the end of next yearが未来の一時点を示し，
その時点までの継続を表す表現が必要。
未来完了進行形〈will have been doing〉を用いる。
形が複雑すぎるために実際にはまず使われないし，
大学入試の出題もまれだが理屈の理解は必要。
正解：④
「来年の終わりでどのくらい働いたことになるの」
How long will you have been working here by the end of next year?
By the end of next year, how many years will you have been working here?
What will be the duration of your employment here by the end of next year?

for an hourがwhen he entered …という過去の1時点
までの時間の長さを示す。よって、
その時点までの継続を表すことになる。結果、
過去完了進行形〈had been doing〉を用いることになす。
for an hourがなければ ①wasが正解。
正解：③
「彼が入って来た時私は1時間本を読んでいた」　
I had been reading for an hour when he came in.
I had spent an hour reading when he entered.
When he walked in, I had been reading for an hour.

ever since「それ以来ずっと」が現在完了時制を要求する。
過去の1時点から現在までの継続を表すため、
現在完了進行形〈have been doing〉を用いる。
正解：③
「若いときに父親から忠告をうけたが，それ以来私はそれを反芻している」
In my younger days my father gave me some advice
that I’ve been turning over in my mind ever since.
During my youth, my father imparted advice to me that I've been contemplating ever since.
In the days of my youth, my father shared some advice with me, and I've been reflecting on it since then.

【音読基本英文】

「なんて忙しい日なのだ. 今朝から何も食べてない」
What a busy day! I haven’t had anything to eat since this morning.
What a hectic day! I haven't consumed anything since the morning.
Such a bustling day! I've been without food since this morning.



「もし京都にもう1回行かなければならないなら，今年4回行ったことになる」　
If I have to go to Kyoto once more, I will have visited it four times this year.
Should I make another trip to Kyoto, I will have been there four times this year.
Going to Kyoto one more time would mean I've visited it four times this year.



「彼らのたった1人の息子は亡くなって3年になる」
Their only son has been dead for the past three years.
Their sole son passed away three years ago.
For the last three years, their only son has been deceased.



「あの映画見ましたか」
「ええ，実は昨日見ました」
“Have you ever seen that movie?”
“Yes. Actually I saw it yesterday.”
"Have you watched that film before?"
"Yes, I caught it just yesterday."
"Did you ever see that movie?"
"Yes, in fact, I watched it yesterday."



「授業の準備が出来たので，散歩に出かけた」
As I had prepared my lessons, I went for a walk.
Having finished preparing my lessons, I took a walk.
I went for a walk after getting my lessons ready.



「25歳までに彼女は5カ国で生活した」　　
By the age of 25, she had lived in five different countries.
Before turning 25, she had resided in five distinct countries.
She had experienced living in five different countries by the age of 25.




「明日旅を終えた時，彼は1000キロ以上旅したことになる」
When he reaches the end of his trip tomorrow,
he will have traveled more than 1000 kilometers.
As he concludes his journey tomorrow.
When he finishes his trip tomorrow.




「君が終り次第，夕食の準備をしたい」　　
As soon as you have done that, I’d like you to start preparing supper.
Once you've completed that task, please start preparing dinner.
After finishing that, could you begin preparing supper?




「えっ，もう終っているのですか。いつ仕事が終了したのですか」
Oh, you are through with the work. When did you finish it?
Oh, you've completed the work. When did you wrap it up?
You're done with the task. When did you finish it?



「この前の金曜のテストの後疲れてしまった．それまでの1週間一日中働き詰めだったから」　
I was tired after the test last Friday, because I had been working all day long every day for a week.
After the test last Friday, I felt exhausted since I had been working every day for a week.
I was tired last Friday after the test because I had been working continuously for a week.




「さて，君は一流の航空便に乗ったことがあるかどうかときいているのだね．君と同じで大手の便にはどれも乗ったことはないよ」　　　　
Now, you ask me if I’ve flown a major airline. Like you, I have never been on any of the big ones.
You're asking if I've flown with a major airline. Just like you, I haven't been on any of the major ones.
You inquire about major airlines. Similar to you, I've never flown with any of the major ones.



「来年の終わりでどのくらい働いたことになるの」
How long will you have been working here by the end of next year?
By the end of next year, how many years will you have been working here?
What will be the duration of your employment here by the end of next year?




「彼が入って来た時私は1時間本を読んでいた」　
I had been reading for an hour when he came in.
I had spent an hour reading when he entered.
When he walked in, I had been reading for an hour.



「若いときに父親から忠告をうけたが，それ以来私はそれを反芻している」
In my younger days my father gave me some advice
that I’ve been turning over in my mind ever since.
During my youth, my father imparted advice to me that I've been contemplating ever since.
In the days of my youth, my father shared some advice with me, and I've been reflecting on it since then.



今後も英語に関する情報を発信していきます。