英文法5分ドリル【仮定法③】

本記事は独学・国内学習による
英検1級保持者が書きました。

条件として主部にA closer examination of it を
If you had examined of it に相当する表現として用いる。
a closer examination「より精密な検査」
reveal「明らかにする」　
正解：
A closer examination of it might have revealed a new fact.
A more thorough investigation might have revealed a new piece of information.
If it had been examined more closely, a new fact could have been discovered.

I wishの強調表現。
opportunity「機会」(＝chance)
❑ I wish he were alive ! の強調表現として次のようなものがある。
✰ If only he were alive !
✰ How I wish he were alive !
✰ Would (that) he were alive !
★ 直説法で書き換えると I’m sorry he is dead now.
★ if onlyは単なる条件を表す場合には直説法(普通の動詞表現)を従える．
　　 If only he arrives in time.
　　（彼が時間に間に合ってくれさえすればなあ）
正解：
How I wish I had had the opportunity to have a talk with her!
I deeply regret not having had the chance to talk with her.
I wish I could have had a conversation with her at some point.

条件として主語に An English man を If he were an English man
に相当する表現として用いる。
pronounce「発音する」
正解：
An Englishman would not pronounce it like that.
It would be pronounced differently by an Englishman.
The pronunciation would vary if it were an Englishman.

「～がないならば」は If it were not for を使いたいが if が無い。
次の規則を適用し were it not for とする。
仮定法のifは省略可。
その場合必ずV＋Sの倒置が生じる（文語）
✰ if S were　　　➪　　　were S …
✰ if S had done ➪　　　had S done
✰ if S should do ➪　　　should S V
正解：
Were it not for his wife, he could not be what he is now.
His current status owes much to his wife; without her, he wouldn't be where he is.
Without the presence of his wife, his current situation would be different.

「公にされる，出版される」be brought to light(＝be published)
以下，例文列挙。
◇ ＜仮定法過去＞『～がなければ』
　　✰ If it were not for your help, I would not succeed.
　　✰Were it not for your help, I would not succeed.
　　✰ Without your help, I would not succeed.
　　✰ But for your help, I would not succeed.
◇ ＜仮定法過去完了＞『～がなかったならば』
　　✰ If it had not been for your help, I would not have succeeded.
　　✰ Had it not been for your help, I would not have succeeded.
　　✰ Without your help, I would not have succeeded.
　　✰ But for your help, I would not have succeeded.
正解：
But for your help, my book would not have been brought to light.
If it weren't for your assistance, my book would still be unpublished.
The publication of my book depended on your help; otherwise, it would not have been brought to light.

「石油に代わる燃料」alternative fuel to petroleum
仮定法過去のif節中の動詞は過去形が基本。
助動詞の意味を含む場合は〈過去形助動詞＋do〉　
正解：
What would happen if no alternative fuel to petroleum could be found ?
If a substitute for petroleum couldn't be found, what consequences would follow?
What if there were no alternative fuel to replace petroleum?

＜if節：仮定法過去完了/ 帰結節：仮定法過去＞
「アドバイスを聞く」の「聞く」は take (＝follow) を用いる
cf.) give advice
「助言をする」〈人〉is in trouble.
「〈人〉が困った状態にある」notを補充する。
正解：
If you had taken my advice, you would not be in such trouble now.
Following my advice could have prevented you from being in trouble now.
You wouldn't be facing trouble now if you had taken my advice.

one「一般の人」は he で受けている。
No one が与えられているので if 節は後ろに置く。
仮定法の if 節中に出現する be 動詞は人称に関係なく普通 were を用いる。
to some extent「ある程度」
a coward「卑怯者」
正解：
No one could remain alive if he were not a coward to some extent.
Survival would be impossible without a certain degree of cowardice.
To some extent, everyone needs a level of cowardice to remain alive.

仮定法過去完了の基本形。
if I wanted to.( come earlier )
正解：I could have come earlier if I had wanted to.
以下，基本例文追加。
☆もし明日雨が降るようなことになれば，運動会は延期されることになるだろう。
　If it should rain tomorrow, the athletic meeting would be put off.
　★ put off：～を延期する
☆もし私達が火を起こす方法を失ってしまったら，どうなることになるであろうか。
　What would happen if we were to lose the secret of making fire?
☆もし侵略されてなかったなら，現在の英国人は全く違った言葉を話していることだろう。
　If Britain had not been invaded, its people would be speaking quite a different language today.
　★ if 節と主文の時制が異なる
☆彼がそのように若くして亡くなってしまったのは残念なことだ。
　It is a matter for regret that he should have died so young.
　★ a matter for regret：残念なこと
☆あなたはもう行儀よく振る舞えるようになっていてもいい年頃だ。
　It is high time that you learned to behave yourself.
　You should be old enough to behave yourself.
　★ learn to do：～ するようになる　
　★ behave oneself：行儀よくする

「傾けていたならば」過去の事実に対する仮定。
「今頃」が現在を表す表現だと見抜けるかが焦点。
＜if節：仮定法過去完了/ 帰結節：仮定法過去＞
の公式を適用することになる。
正解：
If you had listened to your parents, you would not be in trouble now.
Heeding your parents' advice could have spared you from the current trouble.
Your current predicament could have been avoided if you had listened to your parents.

仮定法過去の基本形だが，疑問文の形も確認しておきたい。
正解：
What would your father do if he heard that?
How do you think your father would react if he heard about it?
If he were to learn about it, what actions would your father take?

【音読基本英文】

A closer examination of it might have revealed a new fact.
A more thorough investigation might have revealed a new piece of information.
If it had been examined more closely, a new fact could have been discovered.



How I wish I had had the opportunity to have a talk with her!
I deeply regret not having had the chance to talk with her.
I wish I could have had a conversation with her at some point.




An Englishman would not pronounce it like that.
It would be pronounced differently by an Englishman.
The pronunciation would vary if it were an Englishman.



Were it not for his wife, he could not be what he is now.
His current status owes much to his wife; without her, he wouldn't be where he is.
Without the presence of his wife, his current situation would be different.



But for your help, my book would not have been brought to light.
If it weren't for your assistance, my book would still be unpublished.
The publication of my book depended on your help; otherwise, it would not have been brought to light.



What would happen if no alternative fuel to petroleum could be found ?
If a substitute for petroleum couldn't be found, what consequences would follow?
What if there were no alternative fuel to replace petroleum?



If you had taken my advice, you would not be in such trouble now.
Following my advice could have prevented you from being in trouble now.
You wouldn't be facing trouble now if you had taken my advice.



No one could remain alive if he were not a coward to some extent.
Survival would be impossible without a certain degree of cowardice.
To some extent, everyone needs a level of cowardice to remain alive.



If you had listened to your parents, you would not be in trouble now.
Heeding your parents' advice could have spared you from the current trouble.
Your current predicament could have been avoided if you had listened to your parents.



What would your father do if he heard that?
How do you think your father would react if he heard about it?
If he were to learn about it, what actions would your father take?


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