英文法5分ドリル【仮定法②】

TEX 二井原

TEX 二井原

テーマ:大学入試・TOEIC・英検


本記事は独学・国内学習による
英検1級保持者が書きました。


If you had not eaten so much, you (    ) so sleepy now.
  ① would not be
  ② won’t be
  ③ would have been
  ④ cannot have been

nowに注目。
<if節:仮定法過去完了/ 帰結節:仮定法過去>
had not eatenにつられて仮定法過去完了の
基本形と判断し would have been を選択してはいけない。
正解:①
「もしきみがあんなに食べ過ぎていなかったら,今眠くないだろうに」
If you had not eaten so much, you would not be so sleepy now.
If you hadn't consumed such a large meal, you wouldn't be experiencing such drowsiness now.




He did his best; otherwise he (    ) the first prize.
  ① cannot win
  ② would have won
  ③ will not have won
  ④ wouldn’t have won

条件節代用として otherwise が
if he hadn’t done his best に相当する内容を表す。
正解:④
「彼はベストを尽くした. もしそうでなければ1等賞を取れなかっただろう」
He did his best; otherwise he wouldn’t have won the first prize.
He exerted maximum effort; otherwise, he wouldn't have secured the top prize.

【参考】条件潜伏
仮定法の条件は if 節以外に
〈主語〉〈不定詞〉〈分詞構文〉〈前置詞句〉〈副詞〉に潜伏し読解問題の焦点になる。
過去形助動詞に着目すること。
⒜ An honest man would not do so.
  正直者であればそんなことはしないだろう。
⒝ To hear him speak English, you would take him for an American.
彼が英語を話しているのを聞けば,アメリカ人と思うだろう。
⒞ Born in better times, he would have become a great statesman.
良い時代に生まれていたら,偉大な政治家になってい ただろう。
⒟ In your place, I would have told it to the police.
 君の立場だったら,警察に通報しただろう。
⒠ With a little more effort, you would have succeeded.
  もう少しがんばったなら,成功していただろう。
⒡ I followed the doctor’s advice; otherwise I might have died.
 医者の忠告に従った。そうでなければ私は死んでいただろう。



It is high time you (    ) a new business.
  ① start
  ② started
  ③ will start
  ④ will have started

It is (high / about) time S did
「今はもう (とっくに/そろそろ) ~ している時間だ」
正解:②
「君はもう新しいビジネスを始めていてもよい頃だ」
It is high time you started a new business.
It's about time for you to initiate a new business venture.
You should consider launching a new business soon.



If you were to fall from the bridge, it (    ) almost impossible to rescue you.
  ① is
  ② was
  ③ would be
  ④ would have been

正解:③
「もし君が橋から落ちてしまったら,助けることはほとんど不可能だ」
If you were to fall from the bridge, it would be almost impossible to rescue you.
Falling from the bridge would make it nearly impossible to rescue you.
It would be extremely challenging to rescue you if you fell from the bridge.

【参考】
shouldはwere toよりも現実の可能性が高い場合の表現。
まったく不可能なことを表す時には should は使えない。
If the sun were to rise in the west, I would not betray you.
[×should]
(たとえ太陽が西から昇るようなことがあっても君を裏切りません)
このように客観的にみても将来起こる可能性がない場合の訳出は
(たとえ~であろうとも even if)
でないと日本語として通らない場合あり注意すべき。
(×もし太陽が西から昇れば)
言語内容として考えるなら,どんな内容がif節に来ても,
それは結局主節(=情報の中心・結論=帰結節)の強調に過ぎない。
よって,実際の英文ではif節の無い仮定法のほうがむしろ普通である。




“Did you work yesterday?” “I wish yesterday (    ) a holiday.”
  ① is
  ② be
  ③ were
  ④ had been

✰ 〔仮定法過去〕
  現在の事実に対する願望
  = I wish (that) S+did  
✰ 〔仮定法過去完了〕
  過去の事実に対する願望  
  = I wish (that) S+had done
  I wish he stopped smoking.
  I wish he had stopped smoking.
正解:④
「昨日働いたの」
「昨日が休みだったらよかったのに」
“Did you work yesterday?”
"Were you working yesterday?"
"Did you put in hours at work yesterday?"
“I wish yesterday had been a holiday.”
"I desire that yesterday was declared a holiday."
"I would have preferred if yesterday had been a day off."




You looked (    ) you had seen a ghost when you came out of the house. What happened?
  ① that
  ② as if
  ③ even if
  ④ although

<as if (as though) S+had done>
「あの時まるで ~ したかのように」
lookedという過去の時点より前に
「幽霊を見た」という仮定状況があったので
as if 節は仮定法過去完了形。
as if の後は可能性としては次の2つ。
✰ He looks as if he were sick.
✰ He looks as if he had been sick.
ただし話し手が事実だと判断している場合,
as ifの後には直説法が用いられる。
実際,口語では直説法が使われるほうが普通。
★ You talk as if you are angry.      
 [話し手の判断=You are angry.]
  (怒っているみたいな口ぶりだね)
★ You talk as if you were angry.    
  [話し手の判断=You aren’t angry.]
  (まるで怒っているみたいな口ぶりだね)
正解:②
「家から出てきた時まるで幽霊でも見たかのような顔をしていたけどどうしたの
You looked as if you had seen a ghost when you came out of the house. What happened?
Your expression suggested you had witnessed something terrifying. What occurred?
It seemed like you had encountered something frightening. What's the story?





Mary insisted that Tom ( ) her the book back.
  ① give
  ② gives
  ③ have given
  ④ may give

S insist [that S’(should) do … ] 「 ~ することを主張する」
insisted につられて gave としたり gives と活用させてはいけない。
時制・人称に関係なくthat 節内の動詞表現は原形(米語)か should+do。

正解:①
「メアリーはトムが彼女に本を返すように主張した」
Mary insisted that Tom gives her the book back.
Mary demanded that Tom return the book to her.
Mary was adamant that Tom give her the book back.




He would still be alive (    ) he refused to go to the battlefield then.
  ① if
  ② had
  ③ provided
  ④ unless

時の副詞に注目 ▸ still「依然として」then「あの時」
<if節:過去完了/ 帰結節:過去> 
had he refused = if he had refused
正解:②
「もし彼が戦争に行くことを拒否していたら,今でも生きているだろうに」
He would still be alive had he refused to go to the battlefield then.
If he had declined to go to the battlefield at that time, he would still be alive.
Refusing to go to the battlefield then would have kept him alive.





(    ) I to tell you all the story of my life, one week would not be enough.
  ① Am
  ② Are
  ③ Have
  ④ Were

Were I to tell you = If I were to tell you〔仮定法未来〕
正解:④
「もし君に私の人生全てを話したなら,1週間では足りないだろう」
Were to tell you all the story of my life, one week would not be enough.
If I were to narrate the entire story of my life, a week wouldn't suffice.
Telling you the complete story of my life would require more than a week.





I don’t suppose you’ll need any help but if you (    ) need any help, just let me know.
  ① could
  ② might
  ③ should
  ④ would

if+S+should do …〔仮定法未来〕
正解:③
「君が助けが必要になるとは思わないけど,万一必要になったら知らせてくれ」
I don’t suppose you’ll need any help but if you should need any help, just let me know.
I don't expect you to require assistance, but if you do, please inform me.
While I don't anticipate you needing help, feel free to let me know if you do.



Some scientists say it is essential that mankind (    ) the amount of air pollution in big cities.
  ① be reduced
  ② reduce
  ③ reduced
  ④ will reduce

<It is essential that …>「~は不可欠だ」
that 節の内容がまだ現実化していないことから
should do か〈原形〉を用いる。
この形を〔仮定法現在〕と言う。
the amount of …「~の量」
air pollution「大気汚染」
正解:②
「我々が大都市の大気汚染を減少させることが不可欠であると言う科学者もいる」   
Some scientists say it is essential that mankind reduce the amount of air pollution in big cities.
According to some scientists, it is crucial for humanity to decrease air pollution levels in major cities.
Some scientists emphasize the necessity for mankind to lower air pollution in large urban areas.





You have done very well, but you (    ) better.
  ① could have done
  ② will have done
  ③ could not have
  ④ had

文尾に if you had tried を補って解する。
仮定法ではこのように条件を表す表現がない場合でも
話者の意識の中で「~しようとしたら」といった気持ちの含みを持つ。
以下例文。
★I’m so hungry that I could eat a horse.
 腹ペコだ。
★I could have gone to the movies.
私は映画を(行こうと思えば)見にいけたのだけど。
正解:①
「君はよくやったがやろうと思えばもっと上手くやれていただろう」 
You have done very well, but you could have done better.
Your performance has been commendable, but there was room for improvement.
While you've done a good job, there was potential for even better results.





(    ) a little more patience, she would have succeeded.
  ① If
  ② With
  ③ Without
  ④ But for

With …「~があれば」 が条件である。
書き換えると,
If she had had … 。
正解:②
「もう少し忍耐力があれば,彼女は成功しただろう」
With a little more patience, she would have succeeded.
If she had been more patient, she would have achieved success.
Success was within reach if she had exercised a bit more patience.


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