英文法5分ドリル【前置詞】③

TEX 二井原

TEX 二井原

テーマ:大学入試・TOEIC・英検


本記事は独学・国内学習による
英検1級保持者が書きました。


 

 for

This train is bound for Osaka.
This building is designed for people in wheelchairs.
Are you for or against my plan?
We worked for our living.
You can buy the paperback for about five dollars.
She looks young for her age.
London is famous for its fog.
She stayed there for three days.

この列車は大阪行きです。(方向・目的地)
この建物は車椅子の人々のために作られています。(追求・目的)
あなたは私の計画に賛成ですか、それとも反対ですか。(賛成)
私たちは私たちの生活のために働いた。(追求・目的)
あなたは約5ドルでそのペーパーバックを買うことができます。(等価・交換)
彼女は年のわりに若く見える。(観点)
ロンドンは霧で有名です。(理由)
彼女は3日間そこに滞在していた。(不特定期間)

   

from

1. I come from Canada.
2. Plastic is made from petroleum.
3. He is quite different from what he looks.

私はカナダ出身です。(出身)
プラスチックは石油から作られます。(原料)
彼はまったく見かけとは違います。(区別)

   

of

Our city is 30 kilometers north of Tokyo.
They were deprived of their political rights.
This house is made of wood.
While sleeping, he died of heart attack.
This book is of great use to those who want to know a lot about Japan.
Do you believe in the existence of God?
We were all impressed by her love of her children.
There is no hope ofus winning this game.

私たちの町は東京の北30 kmにあります。(分離)
彼らは政治的権利を奪われた。(分離→除去)
この家は木造です。(材料)
睡眠中、彼は心臓発作で死亡した。(原因)
日本について多くを知りたいという人にとって、この本は大いに役立ちます。(of+抽象名詞)
あなたは神の存在を信じますか。(主格)
彼女の子供へに対する愛情に私たちはみな感動した。(目的格)
私たちがこの試合に勝つという望みは無い。(同格)

   

to

He drove me to the station.
I usually go to and from the office by bus.
This is the key to Room 202. 
They were moved to tears.
Toour joy, our son returned safe.
I was caught in a shower and wet to the skin.

彼は私を駅まで車で送ってくれた。(方向・到達)
私はたいていバスで仕事場へ行き来する。(方向・到達)
これは202号室の鍵です。(一致)
彼らは感動して涙を流した。(結果)
喜ばしいことに、私たちの息子は無事に帰ってきた。(to one’s+感情を表す名詞)
私はにわか雨に会い、ずぶぬれになった。(程度)

   

with

He brought an umbrella with him.
She cut meat with a knife.
The leaves turned yellow with the coming of autumn.
He sat there with his legs crossed.
I have nothing to do with the matter.
The poor child was shivering with cold.

彼は傘を持っていた。(所有)
彼女はナイフで肉を切った。(道具)
秋の到来とともに、木々の葉っぱが黄色くなった。(同時)
彼は脚を組んでそこにすわっていた。(付帯状況)
私はその件とは関係がありません。(関連)
その哀れな子供は寒さで震えていた。(原因)

   

under

My brother is lying under the table.
Our school building is under construction.
You are under arrest.

1. 弟はテーブルの下に横たわっています。(離れた下)
2. 私たちの校舎は建築中です。(行為の過程)
3. あなたを逮捕します。(支配)

   

over

The plane flew over the island.
We had a chat over a cup of coffee.

1. その飛行機はその島の上空を飛んだ。(離れた上)
2. 私たちはコーヒーを飲みながらおしゃべりをした。(従事)

   

below

There is a waterfall below this bridge.
The sun sank below the horizon.

1 この橋の下流に滝がある。(地理的な下)
2 太陽は地平線の下に沈んだ。(基準線より下)

   

above

The top of Mt. Fuji was seen above the clouds.
Jack lives in the room above us.
She is above telling a lie.

1. 富士山の頂上は雲の上に見えた。(離れた上)
2 ジャックは私たちの上の部屋に住んでいます。(離れた上)
3 彼女は決して嘘をつない。(超越)

   

through

This train will go through a long tunnel.
Those stores are open through the night.
I don't really think I'll get through the exam this summer.
He failed the business through laziness.

1 この列車は長いトンネルを通るでしょう。(貫通)
2 あれらの店は夜通し開いています。(全過程)
3 あれらの店は夜通し開いています。(全過程)
4 彼は怠慢さのためにその仕事に失敗した。(理由)

   

beyond

My house is just beyond that river.
His idea is beyond my comprehension.
This job is beyond me.

1 私の家はちょうどあの川を越えたところにある。(位置)
2 彼の考えは私の理解を超えている。(範囲外)
3 この仕事は私にはできない。(範囲外)

   

along

Go straight along this street.
Let’s proceed along the lines I suggested.

1 この通りに沿ってまっすぐ行きなさい。(空間的)
2 私が示した方針に従って進みましょう。(比喩的)

   

across

We saw a dog swim across the river.
My house is just across the street.

1 私たちは犬がその川を泳いで渡るのを見た。(平面的なものを横切って)
2 私の家はちょうどその通りの向かいがわにあります。(平面的なものの向こう)

   

among / between

This sport is popular among young people.
This train runs between Tokyo and Hakata.

1 このスポーツは若者たちに人気があります。(3者以上)
2 この列車は東京と博多の間を走ります。(2者間)


Don't worry. They will be back (    ) a short time.
  ① in
  ② for
  ③ of
  ④ before

今から見て未来のことを指して「~後に」という時
after でなく in を用いる。
日本語に引きずられないこと。
in の基本概念〔範囲の限定〕
の範囲が時間の概念に使われ
〔時の経過〕〔期間〕
の意味が生じる。
 Tom will leave in 5 hours.
 「トムは (今から) 5時間後に出発する」
 Tom left 5 hours ago .
 「トムは (今から) 5時間前に出発した」
正解:①
「心配ないよ,彼らはすぐに戻ってくるから」 
Don't worry. They will be back in a short time.   
No need to worry. They'll return shortly.
There's no cause for concern; they'll be back soon.
Relax. They'll be back shortly; don't worry.






My father played golf (    ) the Sunday morning.
  ① on
  ② of
  ③ in
  ④ at

◆ atも時を表すが〔一点〕と意識される
 ☆ at seven thirty 「7時半に」  
 ☆ at noon 「正午に」
 ☆ at the age of fifteen「15の時に」
◆ in は at より長さ,幅を感じる表現
 ☆ in the morning 「午前中に」 
 ☆ in April 「4月に」 
 ☆ in 2005 「2005年に」
◆『日』に関する表現はon
 on Friday 「金曜日に」 
 on April first 「4月1日に」
 on Christmas day「クリスマスに」
正解:①
「父は日曜の午前にゴルフをした」
My father played golf on the Sunday morning.
On Sunday morning, my father played golf.
During Sunday morning, my father played golf.
For Sunday morning, my father played golf.






New York is situated (    ) the Hudson River.
  ① by
  ② with
  ③ to
  ④ on

on 〔接触〕▸〔隣接〕
<on the+川(の名前)>
「~に面して」「~のほとりに」
London stands on the Thames. 
「ロンドンはテムズ川のほとりにある」
正解:④
「ニューヨークはハドソン川のほとりに位置する」  
New York is situated on the Hudson River.
New York lies on the Hudson River.
Situated on the Hudson River is New York.
The Hudson River runs by New York.





A: Are you going to be in town long?
B: Yes, we'll be here (    ) Friday.
  ① by
  ② during
  ③ until
  ④ for

A:長く町にいるつもりですか?
B:ええ,金曜日までここにいるつもりです
 ☆〔継続〕  till [until] 「~まで (ずーと) 」
 ☆〔最終期限〕by    「~まで (には) 」
正解:③
A : 町に長くいるつもりですか
B:ええ,金曜日までここにいるつもりです
A: Are you going to be in town long?
B: Yes, we'll be here until Friday.
A: Will you be staying in town for long?
A: Are you planning to be in town for an extended period?
A: Do you expect to stay in town for a while?
B: Certainly, we'll remain here until Friday.
B: Affirmative, we're planning to stay here until Friday.
B: Indeed, we'll be staying until Friday.
B: Yes, we won't leave until Friday.
B: Absolutely, our stay extends until Friday.
B: Yes, Friday marks the end of our stay here.
B: Surely, we'll be here until the end of the week.




He will be back (    ) 4 o'clock.
  ① until
  ② by
  ③ during
  ④ since

by「~まで (には)」
動作の完了する〔期限〕を表す。
正解:②
「彼は4時までには戻ってくるだろう」
He will be back by 4 o'clock.
He'll return before 4 o'clock.
By 4 o'clock, he'll be back.
His return is expected by 4 o'clock.




Margaret suddenly began to feel ill (    ) the examination.
  ① while
  ② for
  ③ during
  ④ at

次の使い分け基準は始めと終わりが明確か否か。
 ✰ for 〔期間の長さ〕   
 ✰ during 〔特定の期間〕
正解:③
「マーガレットは試験中に急に具合が悪くなった」
Margaret suddenly began to feel ill during the examination.
Margaret suddenly fell ill during the examination.
All of a sudden, Margaret began to feel ill during the examination.
During the examination, Margaret suddenly started feeling ill.



The city is 1,600 meters (    ) sea level.
  ① above
  ② on
  ③ to
  ④ up

「海抜」  above sea level 
「海抜A」 a above sea level 
「海面下A」a below sea level
正解:①
「この町は海抜1600メーターにある」
The city is 1,600 meters above sea level.
The city stands at an altitude of 1,600 meters above sea level.
At 1,600 meters above sea level, the city is located.
The city's elevation is 1,600 meters above sea level.



The River Thames flows (    ) London.
  ① in
  ② below
  ③ through
  ④ under

through〔貫通〕が基本概念。
何かを通り抜けることから〔経験〕〔完了〕の意味が生じる。
また,それを通して何かを行うという〔手段・媒体〕へと発展する。
正解:③
「テムズ川はロンドンを貫いている」                  
The River Thames flows through London.
The River Thames, which flows through London, is iconic.
London is known for the River Thames flowing through it.
The River Thames, flowing through London, is a famous landmark.




The dog jumped (    ) the wall into someone's garden.
  ① over
  ② on
  ③ to
  ④ up

over は場所を表す場合
 (a) ~の上に
 (b) ~を覆って全面に
 (c) ~を越えて
ここは (c) の用法。
通例、動作を示す動詞と併用される。
 jump over
 「飛び越える」
 climb over the wall
 「壁をよじ登って乗り越える」
正解:①
「その犬は垣根を飛び越えて,だれかの庭へ入った」
The dog jumped over the wall into someone's garden.
The dog leaped over the wall and into someone's garden.
Jumping over the wall, the dog entered someone's garden.
The dog jumped over the wall, entering someone's garden.





The examination begins (    ) nine in the morning.
  ① with
  ② from
  ③ at
  ④ in

at〔対象の一点〕
時計の針が「9」という文字を指している感覚。
fromはダメ。
「始まる」のは9時ちょうど,つまり一瞬なので
「9時に始まる」
と考える。
from が時の起点を表し begin と意味が重複で不可とも言える。
言い換えると,
 The examination is from nine in the morning.
<参考>
「~から」の日本語につられてfrom を使わない場合に注意
  ☆ The sun rises in the east.[×from]
   (太陽は東から昇る) 
  ☆ The new school term begins in April. [×from]
   (新学期は4月から始まる)
  ☆ His house is near to the station.[×from]
   (彼の家は駅から近い)
正解:③
「試験は午前9時に始まる」                
The examination begins at nine in the morning.
The examination commences at nine in the morning.
At nine in the morning, the examination starts.
The examination begins at nine o'clock sharp.





I don't see why I have to go to your house (    ) midnight.
  ① on
  ② at
  ③ for
  ④ in

at〔時の1点〕
at midnight は普通「真夜中に」ではなく「午前0時に」の意味。
正解:②
「なぜ私があなたの家に午前O時に行かなければならないかわからない」
I don't see why I have to go to your house at midnight.
I'm not sure why I have to come to your house at midnight.
I fail to understand why I must be at your house at midnight.
Could you explain why I need to be at your house at midnight?





"Hello, may I speak to Mr. Simpson, please?"
"I'm sorry, he's on another phone (    ) the moment. Shall I tell him to call you back?"
  ① of       
  ② about 
  ③ on
  ④ at

幅の無い時刻,瞬時は at 〔時の一時点〕
at the moment「ちょうど今」
過去時制と併用した場合は「ちょうどその時」
 I didn’t need any help at the moment.
「ちょうどその時,私は助けを必要としなかった」
正解:④
「もしもし,シンプソンさんをお願いします」
「あいにく今話中です,折り返し電話するように伝えましょうか」
"Hello, may I speak to Mr. Simpson, please?"
"I'm sorry, he's on another phone at the moment. Shall I tell him to call you back?"
Hello, may I speak with Mr. Simpson, please?
Sorry, he's currently engaged on another call. Would you like me to ask him to return your call?
Apologies, he's on the line with someone else. Do you want me to let him know you called?


【音読基本英文】



「心配ないよ,彼らはすぐに戻ってくるから」 

Don't worry. They will be back in a short time.   
No need to worry. They'll return shortly.
There's no cause for concern; they'll be back soon.
Relax. They'll be back shortly; don't worry.






「父は日曜の午前にゴルフをした」

My father played golf on the Sunday morning.
On Sunday morning, my father played golf.
During Sunday morning, my father played golf.
For Sunday morning, my father played golf.






「ニューヨークはハドソン川のほとりに位置する」  

New York is situated on the Hudson River.
New York lies on the Hudson River.
Situated on the Hudson River is New York.
The Hudson River runs by New York.






A : 町に長くいるつもりですか
B:ええ,金曜日までここにいるつもりです

A: Are you going to be in town long?
B: Yes, we'll be here until Friday.
A: Will you be staying in town for long?
A: Are you planning to be in town for an extended period?
A: Do you expect to stay in town for a while?
B: Certainly, we'll remain here until Friday.
B: Affirmative, we're planning to stay here until Friday.
B: Indeed, we'll be staying until Friday.
B: Yes, we won't leave until Friday.
B: Absolutely, our stay extends until Friday.
B: Yes, Friday marks the end of our stay here.
B: Surely, we'll be here until the end of the week.






「彼は4時までには戻ってくるだろう」

He will be back by 4 o'clock.
He'll return before 4 o'clock.
By 4 o'clock, he'll be back.
His return is expected by 4 o'clock.






「マーガレットは試験中に急に具合が悪くなった」

Margaret suddenly began to feel ill during the examination.
Margaret suddenly fell ill during the examination.
All of a sudden, Margaret began to feel ill during the examination.
During the examination, Margaret suddenly started feeling ill.






「この町は海抜1600メーターにある」

The city is 1,600 meters above sea level.
The city stands at an altitude of 1,600 meters above sea level.
At 1,600 meters above sea level, the city is located.
The city's elevation is 1,600 meters above sea level.






「テムズ川はロンドンを貫いている」                  

The River Thames flows through London.
The River Thames, which flows through London, is iconic.
London is known for the River Thames flowing through it.
The River Thames, flowing through London, is a famous landmark.





「その犬は垣根を飛び越えて,だれかの庭へ入った」

The dog jumped over the wall into someone's garden.
The dog leaped over the wall and into someone's garden.
Jumping over the wall, the dog entered someone's garden.
The dog jumped over the wall, entering someone's garden.





「試験は午前9時に始まる」                

The examination begins at nine in the morning.
The examination commences at nine in the morning.
At nine in the morning, the examination starts.
The examination begins at nine o'clock sharp.





「なぜ私があなたの家に午前O時に行かなければならないかわからない」

I don't see why I have to go to your house at midnight.
I'm not sure why I have to come to your house at midnight.
I fail to understand why I must be at your house at midnight.
Could you explain why I need to be at your house at midnight?






「もしもし,シンプソンさんをお願いします」
「あいにく今話中です,折り返し電話するように伝えましょうか」

"Hello, may I speak to Mr. Simpson, please?"
"I'm sorry, he's on another phone at the moment. Shall I tell him to call you back?"
Hello, may I speak with Mr. Simpson, please?
Sorry, he's currently engaged on another call. Would you like me to ask him to return your call?
Apologies, he's on the line with someone else. Do you want me to let him know you called?


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