英検1級ライティング 禁断の戦略6
本記事は独学・国内学習による
英検1級保持者が書きました。
今回も英検1級ライティングの対策で、
僕が実際に本番の条件で書きなぐった
80問の答案を公開していきます。
ライティング対策で最も重要なのは
全ての問題を類題化する
これに尽きると僕は考えて実践しました。
この「禁断の戦略シリーズ」では、
ライティングで求められる3個の目的を
抽象化・上位概念化
していきます。
それにより、全ての問題に対する理由を
包括していくことが可能だからです。
英検1級ライティングの対策として、
具体的理由3個を事前に暗記していくのはムリがあります。
膨大な量の暗記で乗り切るのではなく、
理由を抽象化・上位概念化して捉えます。
例えば、
環境・経済・健康・人権・テクノロジー・教育
などの概念で捉えておくことで、
全てのトピックを包括するのです。
「全ての問題を類題化する」ということです。
この戦略が方法論として適用できることを
証明するために直近の過去問で検証しています。
本年度第2回試験の直前になりました。
僕は英検1級を徹底研究したうえで、
理由の抽象化思考による対処で
9割はカバーできると考えます。
でも、万能ではありません。
この戦略に対するリスクマネジメントも示しておきます。
3個目の理由提示で詰まった場合の3大戦略
予め仕込んでいた概念でも3個目の理由が
カバーできない場合を想定しましょう。
そのような場合に最悪の行動はこれです。
スタックして時間を食い潰す
ではどうするのか。
第4パラグラフの展開は論理破城やむなし、
を予め織り込み済みにしておくのです。
満点発想が実力の証明を阻害するからです。
英検ライティングの採点基準は、
内容・構成・語彙・文法
となります。
この4個の配点比重は不明です。
英検指導者の多くは、
内容に対して配点比重が低いと考えてます。
なぜか。
英検の目的は「英語力測定」です。
教養、語彙、知性、知識の多寡を測るものではない。
だとすれば、3個目の理由が思いつかない場合、
英語力を証明することのみに傾注すればよいと考えます。
もう1個の戦略：
【概念化した理由3個】→【具体的理由3個】
この思考戦略が機能しないと判断した場合には、
現場判断で即時戦略変更することになります。
最初に立てた作戦に固執するのではなく、
2の矢、3の矢を放つイメージを予め想定します。
【具体的理由2個】から
同じレベルの【具体的事象】を引っ張るのです。
【概念：環境】
【具体：温室効果・人口爆発・食料不足・化石燃料・・・】
このように
「無限の横滑り」
で対処します。
この時に注意するのは次のことです。
3個の理由に対して上位概念を盛り込まない
実際に多くの生徒さんが、この自縄自縛に陥っています。
本場で詰まった場合は冷静に、
既に挙げた理由が上位概念になっていないか
を確認し、その場合は上位概念を脳内映像化して
具体的事象に砕いてください。
最後の技です。
3個目の理由提示は第4パラグラフになりますが、
ここで自説の対立概念を持ち出して、
全体で「譲歩」の構成に落とし込むのです。
これにより、理由提示が2個のみで事足りるのです。
英検ライティングの出題意図・目的には、
世界情勢、社会問題に対してディベートできる能力
の測定が明らかに含まれます。
これにフィットするのが、両論併記による
「譲歩」の論理展開です。
解答実例と考え方の詳細をリンク先から確認してください。
[[https://mbp-japan.com/hyogo/english-work-out/column/5145573/]]
英検1級 直近過去問で検証
2021年度第3回
Topic
Should investment in technology be a bigger priority for governments?
There have been a lot of discussions and debates about whether investment in technology should be a bigger for governments. In my opinion, only by prioritizing investment in technology in the following areas can deal with urgent problems like the spread of deseses, global warming, and population explosion.
One of the main reasons for my argument is that the recent pandemic has made us aware of the importance of developing medical technology. Without the development of vaccines, hospitals would be unable to cope and the economy might collapse. This means funding medical research into viruses and vaccine technology is essential.
In addition to this, global warming is an even bigger threat to our existence. Studies show that if action is not taken to reduce carbon emissions, global warming may cause extreme weather conditions. Fossil fuel use has to be reduced dramatically and alternative energy sources found. Thus, investment in renewable energy technology and research to find the most effective and efficient alternative.
What we aloso have to keep in mind is that world population is expected to be around 10 billion by 2025. Technology in the field of agriculture can support food security and help countries feed themselves. Improved agriculture technology might help us feed a growing world population.
When taking these factors into consideration, it is obvious that investment in technology should be a bigger priority because its development is linked to our survival. It may offer protection from disease and environmental catastrophe and may also help us produce enough food to live on.
背景色を付与した具体的理由3個を
抽象化思考で抽出すると、
理由①：医療・健康
理由②：環境
理由③：環境
このような上位概念でストックすると、
暗記の負担が軽減されます。
実際の答案作成時には概念を脳内映像化する感じ
で取り組むとスパっと書ける可能性が高くなります。
2022年度第1回
Agree or disagree:
Genetic engineering will have a positive influence on society in the future
There have been a lot of debates and discussions about whether genetic engineering will have a benefisial effect on society in the future. Some people argue that it is somehow ethically wrong to alter the genetic makeup of plants or animals. In my opinion, these fears are unfounded. Gene technology offers hope for the future due to production improvement, contributing to medical science, and fostering human health.
One of the main reasons for my opinion is that genetic engineering in the agriculture industry can improve crop yield and help feed a growing world population. Already genetic modification has led to the creation of crops which are resilient and more pest resistant. This also means less pesticides need to be used, so it has a positive effect on the environment.
In addition to this, the use of gene editing in the medical field will continue and health will one day enable us to understand the individual needs of people to assistt in the treatment of diseases such as HIV. Additionally, understanding the relationship between genes based on their particular genetic makeup. Scientists may be able to identify people with a tendency towards certain diseases. This means lifestyle changes could be made or treatments given at an early stage.
What we have to consider carefully is that the reason that altering the genome of human embryos is a highly controversial issue. According to experts, it can create humans who are more intelligent, live longer and lead healthier lives. We should not confuse feeling of fear and scientific datea.
When taking these factors into consideration, it is obvious that genetic engineering can help the world to feed itself, and create a healthier, more intelligent population that lives longer.
背景色をかけた具体的理由を抽象化思考で抽出すると、
理由①：経済
理由② ：医療・テクノロジー
理由③：教育
となります。
実際の答案作成時には上記3個の概念を
脳内映像化する感じで英語を書きやすくなります。
2022年度第3回
先ず解答例から具体的理由を抽出します。
Agree or disagree:
Industrialization has had an overall beneficial effect on humankind
There have been a lot of debates and discussions about whether industrialization has a beneficial effect on sosiety in the future. Undoubtedly, some of these changes have been for the better. In spite of this, I believe, on the whole, industrialization has detrimentally affected humankind.
One of the main reasons is that it is related to the environment. Through the burning of fossil fuels, a crucial part of industrialization, the environment has been irreparably damaged. Through the burning of fossil fuels, a crucial part of industrialization, the environment has been irreparably damaged. It is clear that industrialization has improved life for many people, but at what cost? If the effects of global warming cause the kind of environmental disasters climate experts are predicting, humankind might not even exist in the future.
What we also have to keep in mind is a negative impact of industrialization caused by our modern lifestyles. In preindustrial societies, people lived off the land, had more contact with nature and led a healthier life. With industrialization, came the move towards living in more and more crowded and polluted cities.With industrialization, came the move towards living in more and more crowded and polluted cities. In urban cities like Tokyo, people now live in cramped apartments and have little contact with nature.
In addition to these points, the ability to produce more effective machinery and better goods on a greater scale is not always positive. In the last century, the industrialization of war meant that increasingly more deadly weapons could be produced in far greater quantities. The two world wars, where millions died, are terrible examples of this.
When taking these aspects into consideration, it is obvious that industrialization has changed the lives of humans everywhere, but not always positively. It has led to environmental damage, unnatural lifestyles and more terrible wars.
上記の背景色の箇所、つまり理由3個を
暗記するという対策はムリがあります。
具体的理由をどれだけ事前に仕込んでも
本番で出題されるトピックに足りない可能性があります。
そこで、理由を捉える際の思考の抽象化します。
上記の模範答案から抽出する3個の理由として、
● 具体的思考で理由を捉えた場合：
理由① 二酸化炭素の放出
理由② 産業革命による都市化
理由③ 大量破壊兵器の製造
● 思考を抽象化して理由を捉えた場合：
理由① 環境・エネルギー
理由② 健康・ライフスタイル
理由③ 人権・倫理
となります。
このように理由を抽象化・上位概念化したうえで
仕込むことが全ての問題の類題化に繋がります。
つまり、その応用範囲が無限に広がります。
また、劇的な暗記の軽減をもたらします。
さらに実例で見てみましょう。
2022年度第2回
Agree or disagree:
Human societies will always have a negative effect on the environment
There have been a lot of debates and discussions about whether human societies will always have a negative effect on the environment. Some people argue that humans’ relationship with the environment seems to have been increasingly negative since the industrial revolution. HoweverI am optimistic about the future due to international level compat, technology, and growing awareness.
One of the main reasons is that there are steps being taken at an international level to combat global warming. Agreements made at the annual U N summits confirm countries’ commitment to reducing carbon emissions. In fact, almost all of the countries accept the need for such targets.
What we aloso have to keep in mind is that there are constant advances in the technology related to producing renewable resources such as solar, wind and hydro energy. Many governments are investing heavily in the development of such resources. For example, Japan's EV technology can be a contributing factore to ruducing amont of CO2 emittion into atmosfere.
In addition to these factors, there is an awareness among young people of environmental issues and a will to act. Younger generation realizes its own responsibility towards the environment. For example, there are a growing number of young people who do not drive or eat meat but recycle more and shop ethically.
When taking these aspects into consideration, it is obvious that increased awareness of the necessity of a better relationship with the environment and technological advances bring about hope for the future.
上記の具体的理由を抽象化・上位概念化して捉えると、
理由①：環境
理由②：テクノロジー
理由③：教育
となり他の過去問トピックを包括します。
本番での答案作成時には先ず
上記3個の「概念」を
第2, 3, 4パラグラフに割り当ててアウトラインを作成。
その概念を脳内映像化することで具体化します。
僕はこのような発想・戦略で
英検ライティング1級を攻略しました。
直近の英検1級過去問を見てみましょう。
英検1級 直近過去問の検証
2022年度第3回
Agree or disagree:
Industrialization has had an overall beneficial effect on humankind
2022年度第2回
Agree or disagree:
Human societies will always have a negative effect on the environment
2022年度第1回
Agree or disagree:
Genetic engineering will have a positive influence on society in the future
2021年度第3回
Should investment in technology be a bigger priority for governments?
2021年度第2回
Can individual privacy be protected in the modern world?
2021年度第1回
Are economic sanctions a useful foreign-policy tool?
全ての問題でトピックが、
環境・経済・健康・人権・テクノロジー・教育
のかけ合わせで作成されていると理解できます。
では、今回も僕が英検1級受験対策として、
実際に試験本番と同じ条件で書きなぐった
ノートを公開します。参考まで。
Ⅰ）賛成 or 反対：民主主義のメリットはデメリットに勝るか
① protect people from violations
② facilitate political reforms
③ contributes to tecnological development
▲▼
posibility of wrong choice
There have been a lot of debates and discussions about whether the benefits of democracy outweigh its disadvantages. Some people argue that democracy can lead people to make a wrong choice of their leacers, thus weakening social peace and stability. However, I believe that it will have beneficial effects on society due to promoting basic human rights, facilitating political reforms, and contributing to the promotion of technological development.
One of the main reasons for my opinion is that democracy fostors freedom of thought and expression, which is stipulated as one of the basic humanrights in U.N. provision. In fact, under the situation of undemocracy, violation of people’s privaacy and ristriction of freedom of expression are rampant. In order to protect the basic human rights, democracy seems only practical system.
Second democracy facilitate political reforms without having to resort t any form of violence. This means that there is no chance to reform the undemocratic regimes except using violence, which is historicaly proven.
In addition to these aspets, what we have to keep in mind is that democracy contribute to promotion of technological development. For exampl, when the Berlin Wall was broken in 1989, law quality of autmobiles in East German compared with those of West German surprised people oll over the world. This proved that Democracy is driving force of science and technology through the principle of compettion and active exchange of opinions.
When taking these factors mentioned above into consideration, it is obvious that the benefits of democracy outweigh its disadvantages.
Ⅱ）ポリティカルコレクトネスは社会にとって有益か
① raising public awerness
② contributing to social stability
③ fostering female empowerment
▲▼
can violate freedom of expression
There have been a lot of debates and discussions about whether political corectness chould be promoted freedom of expression by listricting freedom of thought. However, I believe that it should be promoted due to raising public awareness about importance of protecting human rights and dignity. contributing to social stability, and fostering female empowerment.
One of the main reasons for my argument is that political correctness enhance public awareness about the importance of protecting human rights and dignity. Majority of people can unintentinaly hurt the feeling of minolity like physically-challenged people and LGBTs but using P.C. expression can privent this.
Second, political correctness accept diversity, thus leading to social peace and stability. It also bring about reducing racial prejudice and discrimination, alleviating tension and conflicts among different peoples in societies. Without this standard, influx of foregners with different cultures would be contributing factor to reating hatred and division in society.
In addition to these aspects, what we have to keep in mind is that political correctness will foster female participation in workforce, thus creating job opportunities for wemen. This means it also alleviates labor shortage problem.
When taking these facors mentioned above into consideration, it is obvious that political correctness should be promoted in society.
このように英検1級ライティングでは、
全ての問題を類題化することが最も有効な対策です。
既に公開した僕の答案も併せてチェックしてみてください。
[[https://mbp-japan.com/hyogo/english-work-out/column/5146068/]]
https://mbp-japan.com/hyogo/english-work-out/column/5146007/
[[https://mbp-japan.com/hyogo/english-work-out/column/5145909/]]
[[http://mbp-japan.com/hyogo/english-work-out/column/5145715/]]
[[http://mbp-japan.com/hyogo/english-work-out/column/5145652/]]
[[http://mbp-japan.com/hyogo/english-work-out/column/5145573/]]
[[https://mbp-japan.com/hyogo/english-work-out/column/5145504/]]
[[http://mbp-japan.com/hyogo/english-work-out/column/5145775/]]
[[http://mbp-japan.com/hyogo/english-work-out/column/5145820/]]
[[https://mbp-japan.com/hyogo/english-work-out/column/5145831/]]
【英検1級ライティング 万能フレーズ ベスト7】
① イントロ ＆ コンクルージョン に万能表現を用意
② 第2パラグラフ 1個目の理由提示の文頭表現
③ 第4パラグラフ 3個目の理由提示の文頭表現
④ 第1パラグラフ第2文で『譲歩』による両論併記
⑤ 第1パラグラフ第3文で理由3個を名詞化して列挙
⑥ 文末分詞構文を用いて因果関係明示
⑦ According to experts / In fact, recent study shows that ～等客観表現で主張をサポート
① イントロでは、
There have been a lot of debates and discussions about whether 主題が是か非か
コンクルージョンでは、In conclusion を避けて、
When taking these factors mentioned above into consideration, it is obvious that 主張
② 第2パラグラフで1個目の理由提示では、First, を避けて
One of the main reasons for my argument is ～
③ 第4パラグラフで3個目の理由提示では、Third, を避けて
In addition to these aspects, what we have to keep in maind is that ～
④ 第1パラグラフの第2文から『譲歩』で強いアーギュメントを打ち出す。
両論併記になることから、字数稼ぎにもなります。
対立見解は1個の提示なので、すぐに思いつくため、時間も短縮できます。以下例文。
Some people argue that 対立見解 . This may be the case to some extent but I still strongly believe that 主張
⑤ 第1パラグラフで理由3個を名詞化して列挙します。
第2～4パラグラフでその理由を展開する際に、
第1パラグラフを見ながら構成を練ることが可能になり、
英文がスムーズに書けます。
対策本の模範解答ではたまに最終パラグラフで
理由3個をまとめてますが、
第1パラグラフに出現させる方が有利です。
⑥ 完全文, thus leading to/creating/bringing about 結果
「情報マシマシ」の技術です。
This means mutual understanding and respect will develop, thus creating world peace and stability.
⑦ パラグラフ2～4の第2文以降で、第1文を具体化、詳述する場合の詐欺的フレーズです。
According to experts, technological transfer into third world can be contributing factor
to dealing with this problems.
上記のexpertsが実在するか否かは英検の採点基準になりません。
よってある意味、詐欺的ではありますが万能フレーズとして重宝します。
今後も英語学習の情報や体験談を発信していきます。
